Objectives: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a significant public health problem. It is estimated around 14,700 women affected by FGM live in Switzerland, primarily among women with a history of migration. Our qualitative research investigated the sexual health of immigrant women living with FGM in Switzerland, describing their own perception of health, reproductive life and sexuality. Method...

BACKGROUND Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a traditional practice which is harmful to health and is profoundly rooted in many Sub-Saharan African countries. It is estimated that between 100 and 140 million women around the world have been victims of some form of FGM and that each year 3 million girls are at risk of being submitted to these practices. As a consequence of the migratory phenome...

This paper presents a review of the principal developments in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an emphasis on the recent work published since 2000. Diverse areas relevant to various aspects of theory and applications of FGM are reflected in this paper. They include homogenization of particulate FGM, heat transfer issues, stress, stability and dynamic analyses, testing, manufacturing an...

Bacterial diversity within animals is emerging as an essential component of health, but it is unknown how stress may influence the microbiome. We quantify a proximate link between the oral microbiome and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) in wild red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Not only was bacterial diversity lower at highe...

INTRODUCTION Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is globally recognized as a violation of the human rights of females. It has no health benefits and harms those who undergo the procedure. Midwives are therefore expected to be aware of how to manage these consequences and play a key role in the prevention of the practice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of Iranian mi...

The practice of female genital mutilations continues to be recurrent in African communities despite the campaigns, fights, and laws to ban it. A survey was carried out in infants and young girls at the General Hospital of Abobo in Cote D'Ivoire. The purpose of the study was to describe the epidemiological aspects and clinical findings related to FGM in young patients. Four hundred nine (409) fe...

The terms 'Female Circumcision' (FC), 'FG Cutting' (FGC) and 'FG Mutilation' (FGM) refer to procedures involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. In practicing countries, FGC/FC is more widely used, as it is believed to be inoffensive, providing more impartial ways of discussing the practice. Positive beliefs about FC/FGC include virginity, ...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the cost to the health system of obstetric complications due to female genital mutilation (FGM) in six African countries. METHODS A multistate model depicted six cohorts of 100,000 15-year-old girls who survived until the age of 45 years. Cohort members were modelled to have various degrees of FGM, to undergo childbirth according to each country's mortality and fertility...

The functionally graded materials (FGM) have many advantages especially in thermal environments, and in the recent years they have been used in many engineering applications. A FGM plate is an inhomogeneous composite made of two constituents (usually ceramic and metal), with both the composition and the material properties varying smoothly through the thickness of the plate. The FGM plate vibra...

I asked a 13-year-old girl whether she had been cut. She replied, “That’s horrible isn’t it”, a rhetorical question to which I nodded assent. She felt that it was an appropriate question to ask, given the clinical context. The next morning I read, “Cameron in crackdown on summer surge of FGM cases” (from The Observer, Sunday 14 June 2015). New laws aimed at preventing young girls being taken ab...