The conversion of castasterone (CS) to brassinolide (BL), a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, represents the final and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of BL in plants. Heterologously expressed Arabidopsis thaliana CYP85A2 in yeast mediated the conversion of CS to BL as well as the C-6 oxidation of brassinosteroids (BRs). This indicated that CYP85A2 is a bifunctional enzyme that possesses BR C-6...

In the Results and Methods sections, there are errors in the fourth and tenth equations. The variables M 1 should read as (M 1-1). Please view the complete, correct Equation 4 here: Q t ð Þ ¼ 2 M 1 À 1 ð Þ 1 À k bl t expðk bl tÞ À 1 þ mM 1 1 À expðÀk bl tÞ ð Þ Please view the complete, correction Equation 10 here: Q model t ð Þ ¼ 2 M 1 À 1 ð Þ 1 À k bl t expðk bl tÞ À 1 þ mM 1 1 À expðÀk bl tÞ ...

We present near{infrared imaging of 11 BL Lac objects. The host galaxy is resolved in 7 low redshift (z0.24) BL Lacs, while the 4 unresolved BL Lacs have either high (z0.5) or unknown redshift. The host galaxies of low redshift BL Lacs are luminous (average M(H) = { 25.80.5), i.e. slightly brighter than L* galaxies, and of similar luminosity to or slightly fainter than brightest cluster galaxie...

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a category of early stage, non-invasive breast tumor defined by the intraductal proliferation of malignant breast epithelial cells. DCIS is a heterogeneous disease composed of multiple molecular subtypes including luminal, HER2 and basal-like types, which are characterized by immunohistochemical analyses and gene expression profiling. Following surgical and ra...

Background Growing demand for Global Health (GH) training and the internationalisation of education requires innovative approaches to training. Blended learning (BL, a form of e-learning combining face-to-face or real-time interaction with computer-assisted learning) is a promising approach for increasing GH research capacity in low- to middle-income countries. Implementing BL, however, require...

The normal counterpart of the neoplastic B cells in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is still unclear. Based on immunoglobulin gene rearrangement studies, some authors suggest an origin from germinal center cells and others from memory B cells. However, most of these studies rely on cell lines or on a small series of cases. To help clarify the cell of origin of BL, semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (P...

gasification (BBLG). One particularly harsh application is linings for gasifiers used in the treatment of black liquor (BL). Black liquor is a water solution of the non-cellulose portion of the wood (mainly lignin) and the spent pulping chemicals (Na2CO3, K2CO3, and Na2S). Development of new refractory materials for the black liquor gasification (BLG) application is a critical issue for imp...

Two experiments were performed to screen bacilli isolated from quails for their aflatoxin removal potential and to assess the efficiency of their amelioration of experimental aflatoxicosis. Nonhemolytic bacilli were selected for in vitro aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) removal and conventional probiotic tests. The isolate with the highest scores was selected for assessment in field experiments and was iden...

OBJECTIVES AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is suggested to exert cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in endothelial cells, but the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. It has been reported that pharmacological activation of AMPK induces endothelial heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. β-Lapachone (BL), a well-known substrate of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), stimul...

The neuroepithelial basal lamina (BL) appears to be crucial in controlling cell-cell interactions during the early histogenesis of the nervous system. In this investigation we examined the changes in the BL in a neurological mutant of the rat previously characterized as having BL anomalies which progress to aqueductal stenosis and prenatal hydrocephalus. Embryos were obtained from matings of ra...