Gary A. Clark Research Irrigation Engineer Quick Facts Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is a low-pressure irrigation system that uses polyethylene driplines that are permanently buried below the soil surface. Water drips to the surrounding soil through built-in emitters (specialized small openings). SDI places water directly into the root zone of the crop. It may improve yield due to high appli...

Meeting sustainable development objectives is a complex and temporal process that involves multiple stakeholders. The creation of economic wealth, social stability and environmental protection can be achieved through developing products and services that are based on spatial information collected by all levels of government. These objectives can be facilitated by developing a spatially enabled ...

One of the important aspects of developing Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is to facilitate data sharing and data access. In order to achieve optimum access and use of spatial data within an SDI there is a need of knowledge about the management of data, metadata, and web services and their related processes. There are many SDI initiatives under development in many jurisdictions, and hence the...

The need to create multi-participant, decision-supported environments to address the issues of sustainable development and improving the quality of life creates a growing need to organise data across disciplines and organisations through different forms of spatial data infrastructure (SDI). This infrastructure is fundamentally a concept about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sh...

As the interface between marine and land environments, coasts have diverse and ever increasing conflicting pressures and demands requiring effective administration and management which is underpinned by the need for access to spatial information. Spatial data is recognised as a critical resource to underpin effective and sustainable management and administration. Spatial Data Infrastructures (S...

In order to assessment of SDI system application in the condition of wastewater reuse, three treatments with three replications were design. These treatments included check treatment with drinking water (CH), surface drip irrigation with wastewater (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation with wastewater (SDI). In addition, before pipeline, a SDI filtration designed to improve biological index of wa...

The field of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is developing and approaches rapidly a “critical mass” of more or less operational SDIs. The purpose of the paper is to anticipate the possible impact of the maturing SDI field on its research agenda. Initial initiatives were predominantly techno centred whereas present initiatives are generally placed within current practices and developments in t...

The task of assessing SDI is difficult due to their complex, dynamic and constantly evolving nature. However as an SDI can be treated as a Complex Adaptive System, the assessment should include strategies for evaluating those kinds of systems. One such strategy is to use multiple assessment approaches and methods. We present the multi-view framework for assessing SDI initiatives around the worl...

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a virulence factor for many Gram-negative bacteria. Salmonella genus harbors five phylogenetically distinct T6SS loci encoded in Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs) SPI-6, SPI-19, SPI-20, SPI-21 and SPI-22, which are differentially distributed among serotypes. The T6SSs encoded in SPI-6 and SPI-19 contribute to pathogenesis of serotypes Typhimurium and...

A spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a complex integrated network of spatial data producers, distributors and consumers that can be viewed as an extended geographic information enterprise. A way of gaining a better understanding of an SDI is to break it down into its constituent components so that individual SDI entities and their interactions can be analyzed. Prior SDI literature suggests an...