The aim of this study was to determine the role of peripheral reflexes in initiation of the esophageal phase of swallowing. In 10 decerebrate cats, we recorded electromyographic responses from the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus and manometric data from the esophagus. Water (1-5 ml) was injected into the nasopharynx to stimulate swallowing, and the timing of the pharyngeal and esophageal phases ...

Tonini R, Ferraro T, Sampedro-Castañeda M, Cavaccini A, Stocker M, Richards CD, Pedarzani P. Small-conductance Ca activated K channels modulate action potential-induced Ca transients in hippocampal neurons. J Neurophysiol 109: 1514–1524, 2013. First published December 19, 2012; doi:10.1152/jn.00346.2012.—In hippocampal pyramidal neurons, voltage-gated Ca channels open in response to action pote...

Flagellar beating of hyperactivated golden hamster spermatozoa was analyzed in detail using digital image analysis and was compared to that of nonhyperactivated (activated) spermatozoa in order to understand the change in flagellar beating during hyperactivation and the active microtubule sliding that brought about the change in flagellar beating. Hyperactivated flagellar beating, which was cha...

Previous data suggested an active Clconductance in the renal proximal convoluted tubule, although single channel conductance and regulation were not found. We have investigated the presence and regulation of the C1channel in proximal convoluted tubules by patch clamp analysis. The current-voltage relationship of whole cells with 130 mM NaCI in the pipette was nonlinear. The addition of 1-34 PTH...

Considering the paramount importance of writing logical arguments for college students, this study investigated the effect of dynamic assessment (DA) of Toulmin model through teacher- and collective-scaffolding on argument structure and overall quality of argumentative essays of Iranian EFL university learners. In so doing, 45 male and female Iranian EFL learners taking part in the study were r...

introduction: detection of caries lesions on approximal surfaces of posterior teeth is difficult, since wide contact points hamper direct visual inspection. due to the importance of the early detection of dental caries, the aim of this study is to compare the performance of different methods (visual, bitewing radiography and diagnodent) in detecting approximal caries in primary molars. methods:...

we introduce a new concept of general $g$-$eta$-monotone operator generalizing the general $(h,eta)$-monotone operator cite{arvar2, arvar1}, general $h-$ monotone operator cite{xiahuang} in banach spaces, and also generalizing $g$-$eta$-monotone operator cite{zhang}, $(a, eta)$-monotone operator cite{verma2}, $a$-monotone operator cite{verma0}, $(h, eta)$-monotone operator cite{fanghuang}, $h$-...

abstract a solitary plasmacytoma of bone occurs in approximately 2-5% of patients with myeloma. the lesion mostly found in the axial skeleton and have infrequently been reported to arise in the hand, and usually occur in the distal phalanges. we report the interesting case of a 75-year-old man who developed a solitary lytic lesion of the thumb proximal phalanx. this lesion was explored through ...

A novel fluorescence microscope/laser optical system was developed to measure fast transients of membrane-proximal versus bulk cytoplasmic intracellular calcium levels in cells labeled with a fluorescent calcium indicator. The method is based on the rapid chopping of illumination of the cells between optical configurations for epifluorescence, which excites predominantly the bulk intracellular ...