The bidirectional reflectance parametric and semi-empirical Rahman-PintyVerstraete (RPV) model was inverted based on Bidirectional Reflectance Factor (BRF) measurements of 60 Fagus sylvatica L. leaves in the optical domain between 400 nm and 2,500 nm. This was accomplished using data retrieved from the Compact Laboratory Spectro-Goniometer (CLabSpeG) with an azimuth and zenith angular step of 3...

Measurements of the mid infrared sky brightness at the South Pole throughout the winter of show that the sky background is extremely low and stable For of the time the ux in the to m window is below Janskys per square arcsecond Typical background levels in this window during clear conditions are of the order of Janskys per square arcsecond This is almost an order of magnitude better than any ot...

The expected sensitivity of the water Cerenkov detector array of the southern Auger Observatory site is described by calculations of the energy and zenith angle dependent aperture function (A(E,θ) km sr). The calculations are based, whenever possible, on the forms of the lateral distribution and shower size attenuation that have been empirically determined from previous giant air shower arrays....

A simple equation has been developed for describing the bidirectional reflectance of some vegetative canopies and bare soil surfaces. The equation describes directional reflectance as a function of zenith and azimuth view angles and solar azimuth angle. The equation works for simulated and field measured red and IR reflectance under clear sky conditions. Hemispherical reflectance can be calcula...

PURPOSE To describe the technique of carbon dioxide (CO2) flushing of thoracic stent-grafts to reduce the risk of cerebral air embolism. TECHNIQUE To remove room air, thoracic stent-grafts were preoperatively flushed 2 minutes with carbon dioxide from a cylinder connected to the flushing chamber of the captor valves of Zenith custom-made endografts; this was followed by the standard saline fl...

Thin stable atmospheric layers cause VHF radars to receive increased echo power from near zenith. Layers can be tilted from horizontal, for instance by gravity waves, and the direction of VHF “glinting” is measurable by spatial domain interferometry or many-beam Doppler beam swinging (DBS). This paper uses the Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar, Shigaraki, Japan as a volume-imaging radar wi...