Juniper volatile oil is extracted from Juniperus communis L., of the Cupressaceae family, also known as common juniper. The therapeutic properties of juniper oil are antiseptic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, depurative, diuretic, rubefacient, stimulating, stomachic, sudorific and tonic. In traditional medicine, juniper oil was used to relieve anxiety, nervous tension an...

There has been marked progress in recent years in developing gene delivery approaches for the treatment of inherited blinding diseases. Many of the proof-of-concept studies have utilized rodent models of retinal degeneration. In those models, tests of visual function include a modified water maze swim test, optokinetic nystagmus, and light-dark activity assays. Test paradigms used in rodents ca...

1. Adult male outbred albino mice were acutely injected with either of two dopamine (DA) agonists; Apomorphine, a receptor agonist, or Amantadine, a DA releasing agent. 2. Both drugs produced dose-related alterations in initial Y-maze behavior, consisting of significantly increased proportions of 2-arm entries. 3. This behavior has previously been shown to reflect an abnormal sttentional proces...

The antiamnesic effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA) as the main phenolic compound in Artemisia argyi H. extract on cognitive dysfunction induced by trimethyltin (TMT) (7.1 μg/kg of body weight; intraperitoneal injection) was investigated in order to assess its ameliorating function in mice. In several behavioral tests, namely, the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze (MW...

FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) binds the immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and rapamycin and regulates several signaling pathways, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. We determined whether the brain-specific disruption of the FKBP12 gene in mice altered mTOR signaling, synaptic plasticity, and memory. Biochemically, the FKBP12-deficient mice displayed increases in basal mTO...

In this study, using two different injury models in two different species, we found that early post-injury treatment with N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) reversed the behavioral deficits associated with the TBI. These data suggest generalization of a protocol similar to our recent clinical trial with NAC in blast-induced mTBI in a battlefield setting, to mild concussion from blunt trauma. This study us...

BACKGROUND Although ginsenosides such as Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3 have shown promise as potential nutraceuticals for cognitive impairment, their use has been limited due to high production cost and low potency. In particular, the process of extracting pure Rg3 from ginseng is laborious and expensive. METHODS We described the methods in preparing ginseol k-g3, an Rg3-enriched fraction, and evaluated i...

The goal of this review is to discuss how behavioral tests in mice relate to the pathological and neuropsychological features seen in human Alzheimer's disease (AD), and present a comprehensive analysis of the temporal progression of behavioral impairments in commonly used AD mouse models that contain mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP). We begin with a brief overview of the neuropatho...

Social cooperation is a state in which people work together on shared activity from they both benefit, and the success of each person dependent everyone doing their part. Imagine, for example, basketball game all team members make effort cooperate to win game. To study this kind social lab, we used rats. We created special maze two rats must coordinate behavior as pair, moving through sections ...