Toluene and xylene are aromatic hydrocarbons commonly used as an industrial solvent for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, paints, and chemicals. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has determined that toluene levels of 2000 parts per million (ppm) are considered dangerous to life and health. Several studies have examined the absorption of toluene and xylene following inhalatio...

There are numerous biomonitoring programs, both recent and ongoing, to evaluate environmental exposure of humans to chemicals. Due to the lack of exposure and kinetic data, the correlation of biomarker levels with exposure concentrations leads to difficulty in utilizing biomonitoring data for biological guidance values. Exposure reconstruction or reverse dosimetry is the retrospective interpret...

Human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and residential indoor and outdoor VOC levels had hitherto not been investigated in Turkey. This study details investigations of indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure to VOCs conducted simultaneously in 15 homes, 10 offices and 3 schools in Kocaeli during the summer of 2006 and the winter of 2006–2007. All VOC concentrations were collected by...

Consecutive reactions of aromatic–OH adducts with NO, NO2 and O2: benzene, toluene, mand p-xylene, hexamethylbenzene, phenol, m-cresol and aniline R. Koch, R. Knispel, M. Elend, M. Siese, and C. Zetzsch Fraunhofer-Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany Atmospheric Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Germany Received: 26 June 2006 – Accepted: 26 J...

Three isomeric BzY-series NFAs are developed by introducing inner benzyl side chains. Among the NFA-based OSCs processed with non-chlorinated xylene solvents, PM6 : m-BzY exhibits PCE over 16% without an additive and thermal annealing process.

We synthesized terephthalic acid (TPA) from p-xylene at an initial concentration above its solubility limit in high-temperature liquid water (HTW). The nominal p-xylene loading at the reaction conditions was 0.4 mol L , which is the highest reported to date for generation of high TPA yields ([70 mol %) in HTW. The presence of two liquid phases during the reaction did not appear to accelerate th...

Xylene has been generally used as a clearing and deparaffinizing agent in histology. Because of the potential toxic and flammable nature of xylene, its substitutes have been introduced into some laboratories. In this study, we introduced a novel, non-toxic xylene substitute (SBO), which was generated through a mixture of 86% of white oil No.2 and 14% of N-heptane. SBO had a high boiling point (...