Abstract One of the short works al-Shāfiʿī (d. 204/820) is Ikhtilāf ʿAlī wa-ʿAbd Allāh ibn Masʿūd (“the disagreements and ʿAbd Masʿūd”). It comprises first quotations Companions Ibn advocating rules that Kufans reject, secondly counter-reports supporting advocates. seems to be one earliest al-Shāfiʿī’s works. argues mainly by authority against an undifferentiated Kufan school. testifies a time ...

It is well known that certain Islamic Jurists and Scholars like Imam Bukari, Imam Muslim, and Imam Tirmizi, did exhaustive research to collect the sayings and traditions of our beloved Prophet PBUH. They then presented their collected works as 'Al Hadith' of the Prophet to the populace. Not only were these authenticated, as to their degree of authenticity, but each of the witnesses, or the chai...

This study was done to explore the views of patients and their companions concerning endotracheal intubation training on newly deceased patients and the necessity of obtaining their consent in this regard. In this cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, we used a questionnaire to collect data through structured interviews conducted by the researcher on patient discharge day. A convenient ...

Readability formulae predict reading outcomes relying on text characteristics but they do not consider reader abilities. This paper describes ways of formulating a reading comprehension formula which includes reader and text characteristics. An experiment embracing 124 subjects and 48 texts serves to demonstrate the mechanisms through which the formula is developed. The applicability of the for...

Reading time is commonly used as a basis for the study of reading. It has been observed in previous studies that unexpected sentences initiating a new context in a body of text considerably increases its reading time. There are two general accounts of the mechanism behind this slowdown. The first views reading, both slow and fast, to be a single, continuous process. The second views reading as ...

In face-to-face instruction of Reciprocal Teaching (RT), students’ reading processes and dialogues with their peers are hardly observed. As a result, the teacher has few clues to identify students’ learning difficulties and provide further scaffoldings. To record students’ reading processes and enhance their comprehension, this study reports on the design of an online reciprocal teaching and le...

Research conducted in South Africa indicates that many South African students who register for undergraduate study each year are under-prepared for university education and that many of these students also have low levels of reading ability. This has an adverse effect on their chances of academic success. In order to meet the reading needs of students in the 21st century, educators are pressed ...

Cool Land T-type objects were discovered first as companions to stars in 1988 and 1995, respectively. A certain example of the yet cooler Y-type spectral class (Te f f.500 K?) has not been seen. Recent infrared imaging observations of stars and brown dwarfs indicate that substellar companions with large semi-major axes and with masses less than the brown dwarf/giant planet dividing line (∼13.5 ...

The masses of compact objects like white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes are fundamental to astrophysics, but very difficult to measure. We present the results of an analysis of subluminous B (sdB) stars in close binary systems with unseen compact companions to derive their masses and clarify their nature. Radial velocity curves were obtained from time resolved spectroscopy. The atmospher...