The views of Collingwood can be summarized as follows. The philosophy of history is concerned neither with ‘the past by itself ’ nor with ‘the historian’s thought about it by itself ’, but with ‘the two things in their mutual relations’. (This dictum reflects the two current meanings of the word ‘history’ – the inquiry conducted by the historian and the series of past events into which he inqui...

multi-word lexical units are a typical feature of specialized dictionaries, in particular monolingual and bilingual maritime dictionaries. the paper studies the concept of the multi-word lexical unit and considers the similarities and differences of their selection and presentation in monolingual and bilingual maritime dictionaries. the work analyses such issues as the classification of multi-w...

Grammar induction is a basic step in natural language processing. Based on the volume of information that is used by different methods, we can distinguish three types of grammar induction method: supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised. Supervised and semisupervised methods require large tree banks, which may not currently exist for many languages. Accordingly, many researchers have focus...

“Race,” it’s such a simple word but a term that carries so much power and emotion. We hear the word every day in so many contexts but what is its’ significance? How did it come about? Many scholars argue that "race" was an evolutional invention, a folk idea, not a product of scientific research. It was created to justify the social and political realities of America’s history. Now it is embedde...

Brysbaert and Duyck (2009) suggest that it is time to abandon the Revised Hierarchical Model (Kroll and Stewart, 1994) in favor of connectionist models such as BIA+ (Dijkstra and Van Heuven, 2002) that more accurately account for the recent evidence on nonselective access in bilingual word recognition. In this brief response, we first review the history of the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM), ...

The primary purpose of this study was to compare the ability of language-impaired and reading-impaired children to process (i.e.', encode and retrieve) phonological information. Four measures of phonological awareness and several measures of word and sentence repetition abilities were used to evaluate phono!ogica! processing skills. Two additional measures assessed children's awareness of lexic...

Architectures of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) recently become a very popular choice for Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) problems; however, they represent a big family of different architectures that can furthermore be combined to form more complex neural networks. In this work, we compare different recurrent networks, such as simple Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory...

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004 R I. AN INTRODUCTORY WORD, MAINLY CONCERNING SCOPE . . . 1004 R II. FDA REGULATION’S ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT. . . . . . . . . . 1007 R III. ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY COMPLIANCE’S RELEVANCE. . . . . . 1010 R A. The Relevance Traditionally Accorded Regulatory Compliance . . . . . . . ....