intellectuality and politics have a very close and historical linkage with each other. this article beside the redefinition of intellectuality concept, want to study relationship between these two concept through the six periods of west civilization history: 1) greek-roman period until 5th century, 2) first period of christianity from 5th to 11th centuries, 3) second period of christianity from...

Ever since the publication of Dohm’s Ueber die bürgerliche Verbesserung der Juden (On Civil Improvement Jews) in 1781, which argued for Jewish political equality on humanitarian grounds, more and voices joined those demands. Prominent among them was David Friedländer, a friend disciple Moses Mendelssohn. One leading figures Berlin Haskalah, he worked towards establishing equal legal status Jews...

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate briefly how Shusaku Endo, the noted Japanese author Silence, stresses his identity over Roman Catholic religion in novel Samurai. This preference has unfortunately been ignored by Western literary critics who have instead opted stress importance religious beliefs fiction.