Linguistic metrics based on syntactic and semantic information have proven very effective for Automatic MT Evaluation. However, no results have been presented so far on their performance when applied to heavily ill-formed low quality translations. In order to glean some light into this issue, in this work we present an empirical study on the behavior of a heterogeneous set of metrics based on l...

The theoretical richness, formal rigor and computational versatility of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) preclude any kind of in-depth coverage of its content within the confines of an encyclopedia article such as this. Our objectives are accordingly far more modest: we seek to provide a kind of aerial view of the linguistic approach (§2), summarize the formal foundations (§3), and c...

One of the most popular techniques used in HPSG-based studies to describe linguistic phenomena is the raising mechanism. Besides ordinary raising verbs or adjectives, this tool has been applied for handling verbal complexes and discontinuous constituents, among other phenomena. In this paper, a new application for raising within the HPSG paradigm will be discussed, thereby investigating data fr...

According to pragmatic linguistic analyses, language has to be analyzed and interpreted in relation to the social context which generates and uses it. Language is not to be considered an isolated system of either symbols or mental rules, but a system used in a specific setting and for specific communicative purposes. It is within this pragmatic paradigm that English for Specific Purposes (ESP) ...

the study investigates to give an analysis of literary text through a contrastive analysis of some linguistic form frequencies in the texts. three short stories , two english short stories by ernest hemingway and bruce holland rogers and a persian short story by sadeq choubak, have been analyzed for this paper. the study indicates that, by contrasting some linguistic elements, one can describe ...

The paper emphasizes the inadequacy of formal semantics, the classical paradigm in semantics, in treating contextual dependence. Some phenomena of contextual dependence threaten one central assumption of the classical paradigm, namely the idea that linguistic expressions have a fixed meaning, and utterances have truth conditions well defined. It is possible to individuate three forms of context...