Cool stars at giant and supergiant evolutionary phases present low velocity and high density winds, responsible for the observed high mass-loss rates. Although presenting high luminosities, radiation pressure on dust particles is not sufficient to explain the wind acceleration process. Among the possible solutions to this still unsolved problem, Alfvén waves are, probably, the most interesting ...

The Transportable Atmospheric RAdar (TARA) is an S-band FM-CW profiler that is located at Cabauw, The Netherlands. It is a part of European Union sponsored CESAR Observatory, Russchenberg et al. (2005). The TARA measurements can be carried out in single polarization mode, alternating polarization mode and/or wind measurement mode, that employs two offset beams. Simultaneous use of alternating p...

to enhance the understanding of the impact of obstacle buildings on pollution transportationand dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer, it is necessary to know the atmospheric flow characteristics over terrains. wind flow characteristics in a boundary layer over a step-shaped cliff topography model with rough and smooth surfaces were studied numerically using computational fluid dynamics ...

[1] We thank Zhang [2007] for recognizing the significance and importance of our work. In his comment, he questioned whether we have correctly assessed the wind speed/gas transfer velocity relationship derived from the NZ SOLAS Air-Sea Gas Exchange (SAGE) experiment [Ho et al., 2006]. Specifically, he assumes that we only analyzed the gas transfer velocity data from SAGE using a quadratic wind ...

Methodologies to improve disdrometer processing, loosely based on mathematical techniques common to the field of particle flow and fluid mechanics, are examined and tested. The inclusion of advection and vertical wind field estimates appears to produce significantly improved results in a Lagrangian hydrometeor trajectory model, in spite of very strict assumptions of noninteracting hydrometeors,...

A novel and quite simple method to establish a traceability link between air velocity and the national standards of mass and time is presented in this paper. The method is based on the humidification of flowing air before the blower of a wind tunnel with a known mass flow of water. Then air velocity can be calculated as a function of humidification water flow. The method is compared against a P...

asymptotically exact and nonlocal fourth order nonlinear evolution equations are derived for two coupled fourth order nonlinear evolution equations have been derived in deep water for two capillary-gravity wave packets propagating in the same direction in the presence of wind flowing over water.we have used a general method, based on zakharov integral equation.on the basis of these evolution eq...