BACKGROUND Medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction is a common procedure performed on Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers with symptomatic UCL insufficiency, frequently due to overuse. Warm weather climates afford youth pitchers the opportunity to throw year-round, potentially placing them at risk for overuse elbow injuries. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS To determine whether the proportio...

this study was conducted under cold temperate climate condition in khorasan during 2006-2008 growing seasons to determine the suitable wheat-based double cropping systems for increase nitrogen agronomic efficiency. a randomized complete block design in split-split plot arrangement with three replicates was used. main plots were crop rotation with five different rotations including wheat:wheat, ...

BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of gastroenteritis during the autumn and winter seasons in Japan as well as in other temperate climate regions. Most outbreaks are thought to occur by secondary attacks through person-to-person infection by fecal-oral route. Severe cases are found in young children or patients with chronic diseases. Clarifying the patterns of epidemic diffusion is imp...

The León rock lizard, Iberolacerta galani, lives in isolated mountains of Spain. We studied the seasonal changes in the thermal biology of I. galani between spring and summer. We calculated precision, accuracy and effectiveness of thermoregulation and the habitat thermal quality for spring, and compared with the values of summer. In addition, we studied how the shift in the thermal preferences ...

Based on temperature data from 79 meteorological stations, we estimate the warming rate by season on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during 1984-2013. The warming rate was spatially heterogeneous across seasons over the past 30 years. The northern TP (NTP) experienced more warming than the southern TP (STP) (divided near 33 °N) in all seasons. The greatest north-south difference in warming was 0.70 ± ...

Meteorological mechanisms affecting the evolution of a persistent wintertime cold air pool that began on 2 January and ended on 7 January 1999 in the Columbia basin of eastern Washington were investigated using a mesoscale numerical model together with limited observations. The mechanisms include surface radiative cooling and heating, large-scale subsidence, temperature advection, downslope war...

Seasonal changes impact the melatonin production and immuno-activities in vertebrates. This is believed due to the photoperiodic alterations of the different seasons which impact the functions of pineal gland. The short photoperiod promotes pineal melatonin production. As a result, during the winter, animals have significantly higher levels of melatonin than in summer. However, the seasonal cha...

concentration of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems is considered as an important environmantal issue. in this study, the namrood river located in firoozkooh (tehran province, iran) was assessed for the existence of heavy metals. the namrood river is situated by the main road being by pollutants from tourism and recreational centers, gas stations, sewage of villages, agricultural wastewater and...

Laboratory experiments on the cold stenothermal midge Diamesa cinerella (Diptera, Chironomidae) were performed to study the relationship between increasing temperature and heat shock proteins (HSP70) expression at translational level (Western blotting). Thermotolerance of IV instar larvae collected in nature at 1.5-4.3°C during seasons was analyzed through short-term (1 h at ten different tempe...

Passerines that overwinter in temperate climates undergo seasonal acclimatization that is characterized by metabolic adjustments that may include increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) and cold-induced summit metabolism (M(sum)) in winter relative to summer. Metabolic changes must be supported by equivalent changes in oxygen transport. While much is known about the morphology of the avian respira...