The water salinity of the Euphrates River as it enters Iraq, expressed as total dissolved solids (TDS), has more than doubled compared to that of 1973. Downstream of Al Hindia Barrage, south of Baghdad, the salinity has increased gradually over the last 30 years. The annual average TDS at Al Nassiriah, in the lower reaches of the Euphrates, has increased from 1,080 ppm in 1979 to more than 4,50...

Concerns about the mental health of military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan has led to a new generation of research. This review is an examination of the UK literature on the mental health consequences of deployment of armed forces personnel to Iraq and Afghanistan. As yet, deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan has not been associated with a general increase in mental health problems fo...

OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate longitudinal trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. METHODS We determined the prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses among 289,328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans entering Veterans Affairs (VA) health care from 2002 to 2008 using national VA data. RESULTS Of 289,328 Iraq and Afghanistan veteran...

Background Pediatric cardiac services in Iraq are poorly developed. Only two centers in the country provided pediatric cardiac services at any significant level prior to an assistance development plan. Prior to 2010 approximately 400 children/ year received surgical care in Iraq. Occasional children were sent out of the country for surgery. We instituted a multi-city assistance program in 2010 ...

BACKGROUND UK armed forces personnel who took part in the 1991 Gulf war experienced an increase in symptomatic ill health, colloquially known as Gulf war syndrome. Speculation about an Iraq war syndrome has already started. METHODS We compared the health of male regular UK armed forces personnel deployed to Iraq during the 2003 war (n=3642) with that of their colleagues who were not deployed ...

Bliese, P. D., Wright, K. M., Adler, A. B., Thomas, J. L., & Hoge, C. W. (2007). Timing of postcombat mental health assessments. Psychological Services, 4, 141-148. When soldiers return from combat and peacekeeping operations, the United States and many NATO and Partnership for Peace countries conduct some form of postdeployment mental health assessment. In this study, the authors examined the ...

BACKGROUND In previous studies an association between deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan and an overall increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in UK armed forces has not been found. The lack of a deployment effect might be explained by including, in the comparison group, personnel deployed on other operations or who have experienced traumatic stressors unrelated to deployment. ...

this article explores the primitive ideas supporting the equality between men and women in arab society after the movement. the scientific advances in the west during the nineteenth century as well as their impact on the arab world combined with the social conditions of arab countries and their backwardness contributed to the increasing social demands of women. the impact of this new wave was p...

The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) forms the northeastern part Arabian Plate that is colliding with Eurasian Plate. Due to ongoing collision, whole KRI territory folded; accordingly, long anticlines are developed in NW – SE trend, they change west wards almost E W. Cretaceous carbonate rocks form bulk anticlines; central KRG. North and northwest wards, Paleozoic, Triassic Jurassic ages exposed ...