*Correspondence: [email protected] School of Mathematics Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China Abstract In order to generalize the notions of a (∈,∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subring and various (∈,∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals of a ring, a (λ,μ)-fuzzy subring and a (λ,μ)-fuzzy ideal of a ring are defined. The concepts of (λ,μ)-fuzzy semiprime, prime, semiprimary and primary ideals are introdu...

We give an elementary proof that for a ring homomorphism A → B satisfying the property that every ideal in A is contracted from B the following property holds: for every chain of prime ideals p0 ⊂ . . . ⊂ pr in A there exists a chain of prime ideals q0 ⊂ . . . ⊂ qr in B such that qi ∩ A = pi. Mathematical Subject Classification (1991): 13B24. Let A and B be commutative rings and let φ : A → B b...