The effects of thermal conductivity which depend on temperature are conversely proportional with the linear function free convective flow where fluid is viscous and incompressible along a heated uniform vertical wavy surface has been examined in this study. boundary layer equations associated conditions that govern converted into nondimensional form by using an appropriate transformation. In do...

The angular diameter of Snell's window as a function of maximum wave slope is calculated. For flat water the diameter is 97° and increases up to about 122° when the wave slope is about 16°. Steeper waves break and disrupt the smooth surface used in the analysis. Breaking waves produce a window almost 180° wide. The brightness of the dark area around Snell's window is heavily influenced by turbi...

This article can be considered as an extension of the paper of Fukagata et al. Phys. Fluids 14, L73 2002 which derived an analytical expression for the constituent contributions to skin friction in a turbulent channel, pipe, and plane boundary layer flows. In this paper, we extend the theoretical analysis of Fukagata et al. formerly limited to canonical cases with two-dimensional mean flow to a...

We study the thermal buckling behavior of cylindrical shells reinforced with Functionally Graded (FG) wavy Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs), stiffened by stringers and rings, and subjected to a thermal loading. The equilibrium equations of the problem are built according to the Third-order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT), whereas the stiffeners are modeled as Euler Bernoulli beams. Different types of FG...

In this first part of a two-part study, experiments were performed to investigate condensation of FC-72 along parallel, square micro-channels with a hydraulic diameter of 1 mm and a length of 29.9 cm, which were formed in the top surface of a solid copper plate. The condensation was achieved by rejecting heat to a counter flow of water through channels brazed to the underside of the copper plat...

Wavy pattern of ice with a specific wavelength occurs during ice growth from a thin layer of undercooled water flowing down the surface of icicles or inclined plane. In a previous paper [Phys. Rev. E 68, 021603 (2003)]], we have found that restoring forces due to gravity and surface tension is a factor for stabilization of morphological instability of the solid-liquid interface. However, the me...

Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma (SRMS) is a rare and new type of rhabdomyosarcoma. SRMS in lung is extremely rarely. Here we report on a first explicit case of SRMS in lungs of a 13-year-old girl. Macroscopic examination showed a tumor (65 mm×17 mm×9 mm) with a solid gray-white cut surface which displays invasive growth but was well-circumscribed. Histologically, tumor cells were formed with spin...

The mass transfer across a sheared gas-liquid interface strongly depends on the Schmidt number. Here we investigate the relationship between mass transfer coefficient on the liquid side, kL, and Schmidt number, Sc, in the wide range of 0.7 ≤ Sc ≤ 1000. We apply a three-dimensional semi direct numerical simulation (SEMI-DNS), in which the mass transfer is solved based on an approximated deconvol...

Silicon (Si)-based solar cell is by far the most established solar cell technology. The surface of a Si solar cell is usually covered by a layer of transparent material to protect the device from corrosion, contamination and mechanical damage. Here, we replaced this protection layer by a thin layer film of polydimethysiloxane nanowires. Based on this layer and using the conductive layer on the ...