The discovery of carbon dioxide by Joseph Black (1728-1799) marked a new era of research on the respiratory gases. His initial interest was in alkalis such as limewater that were thought to be useful in the treatment of renal stone. When he studied magnesium carbonate, he found that when this was heated or exposed to acid, a gas was evolved that he called "fixed air" because it had been combine...

Physical and chemical barriers separate individual terrestrial hot springs and their affiliated communities of thermophilic bacteria. However, 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons suggest that seemingly identical or closely related bacterial species are found in multiple hot springs that are separated by distances that range from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. To investigate whether thi...

BACKGROUND Steam sterilization is an essential part of infection prevention. The literature shows that sterilization of medical instruments containing channels is not trivial. Phaco hand pieces have a simple configuration: a device contains a channel with a constant radius. No literature was found indicating whether the sterilization conditions on the inner surface of a phaco hand piece are inf...

The economizers are used for production of steam heating on en route ships. The economizers are producing steam in a heat exchange process from the ship’s main engine exhaust gas. Products of the incomplete combustion of the heavy fuel oil remaining in engines, passing the boiler, collect on the heat exchange surface of the economizer. When the incorrect assumptions are made for the boiler oper...

The genus Tanacetum L. belongs to the Asteraceae family and Anthemideae tribe is one of the most important medicinal plants that contains 26 species in Iran, 12 of them are endemic. This paper reports the essential oil composition of Tanacetum uniflorum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex DC.) Sch.Bip. growing spontaneously in Salmas (North-West of Iran). Essentail oil extracted by water distillation and st...

In an investigation of the mechanism responsible for the transport of water through Si02 thin films, we have performed tracer diffusion measurements involving network 0 demonstrating the importance of oxygen exchange between the Si02 network and molecularly dissolved water. We have found that in the presence of water, bound network oxygen diffuses through Si02 as a constituent of molecularly di...

Highly-effective sustainable hydrogen production from ethanol and water was achieved in a tubular dense mixed-conducting oxygen permeable membrane reactor, in which water splitting took place at the tube side of the membrane and oxidative steam reforming of ethanol occurred at the shell side simultaneously.

A software tool, STEAMEST, has been developed for estimation of properties of water and steam for industrial applications using IAPWS-IF97 industrial formulation and subsequent updates. STEAMEST meets the precision and consistency standards of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) as verified by 8 byte real values for all variables. It achieves maximum conf...

A novel cogeneration system is proposed for power generation and seawater desalination. It combines the CRGT (chemically recuperated gas turbine) with the MED-TVC (multi-effect thermal vapor compression desalination) system. The CRGT contains a MSR (methane-steam reformer). The produced syngas includes plenty of steam and hydrogen, so theworkingmedium flow increases and NOx emissions can achiev...