Environmental hypercapnia induces a respiratory acidosis that is usually compensated within 24-96 h in freshwater fish. Water ionic composition has a large influence on both the rate and degree of pH recovery during hypercapnia. Waters of the Amazon are characteristically dilute in ions, which may have consequences for acid-base regulation during environmental hypercapnia in endemic fishes. The...

The study was to determine the concentration of aluminium (Al) and study the physicochemical parameters (pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, and residual chlorine) in drinking water supply in selected palm oil estates in Kota Tinggi, Johor. Water samples were collected from the estates with the private and the public water supplies. The sampling points were at the water source (S), the...

In studies at 5 degrees C and pH 9.0, poliovirus 1 was inactivated about 15 times more rapidly by free chlorine (FC) in purified water in the presence of 1,262 mg of KCl per liter (approximately 0.0169 M) than in the absence of KCl. In the presence of 526 mg of KCl per liter, the virus was inactivated about seven times more rapidly by FC than in the absence of KCl. At a level of 21 mg/liter, KC...

To better understand how interactions with the air phase influence the movement of natural organic matter (NOM) through the vadose zone, we measured the transport of soil-humic acid (SHA) through laboratory columns packed with partially saturated sand. Our results demonstrate that sorptive reactions at air-water interfaces reduce SHA mobility and that the affinity of SHA for the air phase incre...

Discharge of raw domestic wastes containing human enteric viruses into water courses, consumption of untreated water from canals, streams, and shallow wells in villages, and cross-contamination of water in the distribution system because of intermittent water supply in urban areas continue to cause widespread outbreaks of infectious hepatitis in India. To detect a low number of viruses in 50- t...

We report various structural and conformational properties of generations 4, 5, and 6 PAMAM (polyamidoamine) dendrimer [EDA (ethylenediamine) core)] at various protonation levels through extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in explicit solvent. The presence of solvent leads to swelling of the dendrimer (by 33% for G5 compared to the case of no solvent). We find that decreasing the solu...

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes (T1D), progression of which is similar to that in humans, and therefore are widely used as a model for understanding the immunological basis of this disease. The incidence of T1D in NOD mice is influenced by the degree of cleanliness of the mouse colony and the gut microflora. In this report, we show that the T1D incidence and r...

for the purpose of increasing the permeability to oxygen and equilibrium water content in contact lenses, polar copolymers with nonionic monomers such as 2-hydroxyethle methacrylate(hema) is used. by adding the polar monomers to (hema), the permeability to oxygen and equilibrium with water content is increased and also the absorption of proteins on lens surface is changed. in this research, the...

Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on xylem pH, ABA, and ionic concentrations of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants were investigated in two split-root pot experiments. Results showed that PRI plants had similar or significantly higher xylem pH, which was increased by 0.2 units relative to DI plants. Nitrate and total ionic concentratio...

Correlations between raw water characteristics and pH after enhanced coagulation to maximize dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal using four typical coagulants (FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and high performance polyaluminum chloride (HPAC)) without pH control were investigated. These correlations were analyzed on the basis of the raw water quality and the chemical and physic...