Shale-gas production using hydraulic fracturing of mostly horizontal wells has led to considerable controversy over water-resource and environmental impacts. The study objective was to quantify net water use for shale-gas production using data from Texas, which is the dominant producer of shale gas in the U.S. with a focus on three major plays: the Barnett Shale (~15,000 wells, mid-2011), Texas...

Copper oxide is used as a catalyst or precursor in chemical reactions that involve hydrogen reactant product. Controlled reduction and therefore known kinetics of well-defined Cu-oxides key issue for the activation catalysts well other technological fields such gas sensing. The mechanisms single-phase CuO Cu2O films 5 vol% H2/Ar were investigated by in-situ real time synchrotron-based X-ray dif...

The eggbeater kick presents an important basic technical skill in water polo. The aim of this study was to examine some different tests in order to recommend the best ones for the evaluation of the eggbeater kick. Twenty eight young male water polo players performed one test (squat jump) on land and ten tests in water: tethered swimming with legs only, using alternating and simultaneous eggbeat...

Numerical approximations are considered for a mathematical model for miscible displacement influenced by mobile and immobile water. A mixed finite element method is adopted to give a direct approximation of the velocity, the concentration in mobile water is approximated by an alternating direction Galerkin finite element method combined with the method of characteristics and the concentration i...

In this paper, two different ways of introducing alternation for lattice-valued (referred to as {L}valued)  regular tree grammars and {L}valued top-down tree automata are compared. One is the way which defines the alternating regular tree grammar, i.e., alternation is governed by the non-terminals of the grammar and the other is the way which combines state with alternation. The first way is ta...

A combination of flooding and salinity is detrimental to most plants. We studied tolerance of complete submergence in saline water for Melilotus siculus, an annual legume with superhydrophobic leaf surfaces that retain gas films when under water. M. siculus survived complete submergence of 1 week at low salinity (up to 50 mol m(-3) NaCl), but did not recover following de-submergence from 100 mo...

The importance of metabolic rate and/or spiracle modulation for saving respiratory water is contentious. One major explanation for gas exchange pattern variation in terrestrial insects is to effect a respiratory water loss (RWL) saving. To test this, we measured the rates of CO2 and H2O release ( and , respectively) in a previously unstudied, mesic cockroach, Aptera fusca, and compared gas exch...

The process of hydraulic fracturing for recovery of oil and natural gas uses large amounts of fresh water and produces a comparable amount of wastewater, much of which is typically transported by truck. Truck transport of water is an expensive and energy-intensive process with significant external costs including roads damages, and pollution. The integrated development plan (IDP) is the industr...