seed rot caused by pythium ultimum is an important disease of safflower in iran and other countries. therefore, finding the genetic sources of resistance and releasing of resistant cultivar is considered as important objective by safflower breeders. this disease will spread when air humidity and the moisture in the soil are sufficiently prepared and this situation occurs exactly in the time of ...

although the shelling and bombing against the residential areas have been prohibited in the international law, the iraqi regime used these tools frequently to advance its military and political strategy. these attacks were escalated after the kheibar operation. this article considers the definitions and concepts of the war of the cities and then studies the trend of this war during the iran-ira...

deficiency of water resources is one of the major challenges at the global scale and also in iran. the existence water resources of oceans and seas such as the caspian sea and persian gulf in the north and southern parts of iran respectively, can be considered as the alternative to dominate the future problem. this study is processed absorption of nacl based-on natural zeolite and perlite. in o...

introduction the historical experience of development process in developed countries revealed that rural development is a basic requirement for national development and that it should be considered and given high priority. accordingly in iran, the government also paid more attention to rural development in recent years. in this regard, different methods and approaches were implemented due to so...

organochlorine pesticides are as environmental pollutants which have a high half-life and transmit from food chain to human and cause side effects such as mutations in different genes and finally cancer. in this research, after sampling and quantitative and qualitative of organochlorine residue, biodegradation of alpha, beta and gamma hexachlorobenzene (linden), ddt, aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfa...

the effect of gibberellic acid (ga3) spraying on some characteristics of cyclamen flowering trend during the second flowering year was investigated. ga3 sprays were applied in concentrations of 0, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/l. the trial was carried out as a randomized complete design of three replications. the total flower count, flower count during the flowering peak, days from spraying to flowerin...

sensivity of seed germination stage to saline soil is the main obstacle to proper field establishment of sugar beet crop. in previous studies different tissues of sugar beet showed high tolerance to salt stress by of increasing sodium chloride levels in in vitro condition. an experiment was by to study the response of sugar beet zygotic embryos to salt stress in in vitro conditions. sterile per...

this research was carried out to determine the chilling and heat requirements of grapevine cultivars(rotabi, siah shiraz and yaguti) and carbohydrate and hormones changes in chilled cuttings. uniform cuttings of above mentioned cultivars were harvested when leaves were abscised in autumn, and then transferred to refrigerator (2˚c). cuttingswere subjected to 0 (unchilled control), 100, 200, 300,...

introduction groundwater resources in arid-semiarid zones universally suffer from problems of over-abstraction and declining water tables. in addition to the issues related to quantity, degradation of groundwater quality now assumes major importance in the arid and semiarid regions. in such areas, natural factors such as the low precipitation, combined with high evapotranspiration, result in hi...

an investigation was conducted on the effects of vermicompost as an organic matter and a substitute for fertilizers during year 2007 in ferdowsi university of mashhad (fum). vermicompost was applied at five levels (0, 10, 25, 50, 100%) and phosphorus at two levels with 3 replications for each treatment, as a factorial based on completely randomized design for super strain b tomato cultivar. the...