Efforts to understand human physiology through the study of champion athletes and record performances have been ongoing for about a century. For endurance sports three main factors--maximal oxygen consumption (.VO(2,max)), the so-called 'lactate threshold' and efficiency (i.e. the oxygen cost to generate a given running speed or cycling power output)--appear to play key roles in endurance perfo...

We examined the possible association between a transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) gene polymorphism in codon 10 and blood pressure (BP) at rest, in acute response to exercise in the pretrained (sedentary) and trained states, as well as in its training response (Delta) to 20 wk of endurance exercise. Subjects were 257 black and 480 white, healthy sedentary normotensive subjects from the HE...

aerobic to anaerobic transition intensity is one of the most significant physiological variable in endurance sports. Scientists have explained the term in various ways, like, Lactate Threshold, Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold, Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation, Onset of Plasma Lactate Accumulation, Heart Rate Deflection Point and Maximum Lactate Steady State. But all of these have great role ...

OBJECTIVES We explored potential effects of cadmium exposure on cardiovascular fitness measures, including gender and racial/ethnic differences. METHODS Data were from the 1999 to 2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); 1963 participating subjects were included in our analysis. Volume of oxygen consumed at sub-maximum activity (VO(2) max) were recorded in a series of g...

OBJECTIVE To examine cardiopulmonary performance in 52 adult patients with a Fontan circulation. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. Values of maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2)max), maximum heart rate (HRmax), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) were compared with predictive values for different age groups. Patients were further subdivided into those wit...

The aim of this study was to compare changes in aerobic fitness and body composition in response to British Army (regular) and Territorial Army (reserve) basic training. Eleven regular recruits, 14 reserve recruits, and 20 controls completed the study (all males). Initially, reserve recruits were significantly older and heavier and had greater fat-free mass (FFM; 64.6 vs. 59.3 kg) and lower max...

This study first aimed to compare critical power (CP) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC), to laboratory standard evaluation methods such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Secondly, this study compared child and adult CP and AWC values. Subjects performed a maximal graded test to determine VO(2)max and maximal aerobic power (MAP); and four constant...

PURPOSE To determine the relationship between maximum workload (W(peak)), the workload at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (W(OBLA)), the lactate threshold (W(LTlog)) and the D(max) lactate threshold, and the average power output obtained during a 90-min (W(90-min)) and a 20-min (W(20-min)) time trial (TT) in a group of well-trained cyclists. METHODS Nine male cyclists (.VO(2max) 62.7 ...

Patterns of fuel use during locomotion are determined by exercise intensity and duration, and are remarkably similar across many mammalian taxa. However, as lipids have a high yield of ATP per mole and are stored in large quantities, their use should be favored in endurance-adapted animals. To examine the capacity for alteration or differential regulation of fuel-use patterns, we studied two li...