The aims of the present study were to investigate, in rats, the behavioral effects of substance P (SP) microinjected into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the effects of the neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist [d-Arg1, d-Trp7, 9, Leu11]-substance P (Spantide). The effect of morphine administration on the release of SP in the ventrolateral PAG was also investigated using micro...

The pattern of Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) associated with activation of arterial chemoreceptors versus baroreceptor afferents was examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. Chemoreflex responses elicited by repeat intravenous injections of potassium cyanide (KCN; 90 microg/kg) significantly increased FLI in all columns of the PAG relative to saline-injected an...

Brain microvasculature plays a critical role in the regulation of homeostasis of neural tissues. The present study focuses on characteristic microvascular basement membrane (bm) aberrations in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) and their relation to aging. The PAG can be considered a caudal extension of the limbic system and is a key structure in the regulation of a myriad of autonom...

Previously we observed differential activation in individual columns of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) during breathlessness and its conditioned anticipation (Faull et al., 2016b). Here, we have extended this work by determining how the individual columns of the PAG interact with higher cortical centres, both at rest and in the context of breathlessness threat. Activation was observed in ventrol...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Hypersensitive pain response is often observed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the mechanisms responsible for hyperalgesia are not well understood. Chronic neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of PD pathophysiology. Since the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is an important component of the descending inhibitory pathway controlling on central pain tran...

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays an important role in analgesia as well as in motor activities, such as vocalization, cardiovascular changes and movements of the neck, back and hind limbs. Although the anatomical pathways for vocalization and cardiovascular control are rather well understood, this is not the case for the pathways controlling the neck, back and hind limb movements. This led u...

Ang pag-aaral ay naglalayong maipakita ang mga mahahalagang aspeto ng mag-aaral hinggil sa kanilang pananaw paggamit Filipino at Ingles bilang midyum kursong "Matematika Makabagong Daigdig" gamit deskriptibong cross-sectional na disenyo pananaliksik. ito nakabatay Cummins Theory Ausubel’s of Meaningful Verbal Learning. Ipinakita propayl 33 51 BSEd-Math mula isang unibersidad Leyte, Pilipinas, b...

introduction: orexin-a and b (hypocretin 1 and 2) are neuropeptides that are mostly expressed in the posterior and lateral hypothalamus (lh). intracisternal (icv) and intratechal (it) injections of orexin-a (hypocretin-1) have been shown to elicit analgesic responses in formalin test. however, the locations of central sites that may mediate these effects have not been clearly elucidated. orexin...