Gas emission by humans will change climate, warming by 1.4-5.8°C as predicted at the end of the current century. Climate oscillations between warm and cold phases (El Niño) add complexity in the field. The effects on health could be thermal stress, extreme weather events, and subsequently emerging infectious diseases. Consequences on food yields, social, demographic and economic imbalances, cou...

The rise of aquaculture has been one of the most profound changes in global food production of the past 100 years. Driven by population growth, rising demand for seafood and a levelling of production from capture fisheries, the practice of farming aquatic animals has expanded rapidly to become a major global industry. Aquaculture is now integral to the economies of many countries. It has provid...

Ribavirin (RBV) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue (1-b-D-ribofuranosyl-1, 2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) used for the treatment of a number of viral diseases. RBV inhibits inosine 5’-phosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), the enzyme required for synthesis of guanosine monophosphate (GMS) as well as DNA and RNA synthesis. Based on this mechanism of action, RBV is also used in the treatment of solid tumo...

Healthy vaginal microbiota is an important biological barrier to pathogenic microorganisms. When this predominantly Lactobacillus community is disrupted, decreased in abundance and replaced by different anaerobes, bacterial vaginosis (BV) may occur. BV is associated with prevalence and incidence of several sexually transmitted infections. This review provides background on BV, discusses the epi...

Background: Long-term and intensive physical exercise can change the function of different cells in the immune system in athletes, predisposing them to viral infections such as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The purpose of this brief report was to provide protocols related to the immune system in athletes to prevent infectious diseases. Methods: To examine immune system res...

This multi-authored, comprehensive text on antiviral chemotherapy is the third edition of a book which was first published in 1979 and previously revised in 1984. The areas that have received the greatest revision in this edition, according to the editors, are the biophysics of drug development, the use of AZT for AIDS, ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection, and DHPG for chemother...

Exotic Viral Diseases: A Global Guide by Berger et al. is a small, softcover, 252-page handbook organized by disease or disease group. It addresses 55 viral pathogens, including a few broad groupings, such as “New World hantaviruses.” Because of increasing travel, which is eroding geographic barriers to disease transmission, and because of the emergence and reemergence of uncommon infectious di...

Virus-induced diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) represent a significant burden to human health worldwide. The complexity of these diseases is influenced by the sheer number of different neurotropic viruses, the diverse routes of CNS entry, viral tropism, and the immune system. Using a combination of human pathological data and experimental animal models, we have begun to uncover many...

Update International Editors update Dr. Mackenzie is professor and head of the Department of Microbiology and Parasi-tology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Aus-tralia. His research interests include the epidemiology, ecology, and molecular biology of mosquito-borne and emerging zoonotic viruses. With a few exceptions, emerging diseases in Australia are similar to those in other industriali...

with problems in medical physics. Even the biologist and medical man who is not directly concerned with strictly physical investigations but nevertheless depends heavily on physical instrumentation in his laboratory will find here much to his use. This is not a re-edition of the previous volume. New sections have been added and older sections have been expanded where necessary. For subjects in ...