This article advances a theory of the ‘relative’ nature victim status, demonstrating that whether an individual is identified as is, in part, conditional on their relationships with others. Using example identification cases child criminal exploitation, this demonstrates youth justice practitioners’ perceptions young people's peer and families had significant impact people were victims exploita...

In 1960 Sutherland and Cressey (1960: 55) maintained that Lombroso and the Italian Positivist School delayed by 50 years the progress of research on the aetiology of crime by considering crime as an individual rather than a social phenomenon in contrast with previous schools (such as Guerry & Quetelet). A similar criticism could be made of those victimologists who delayed the progress of theore...

The Denial of Service attack, especially the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, has become one of the major threats to the Internet. Generally, attackers launch DDoS attacks by directing a massive number of attack sources to send useless traffic to the victim. The victim’s services are disrupted when its host or network resources are occupied by the attack traffic. The threat of DDoS ...

ARP-based Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks due to ARP-storms can happen in local area networks where many computer systems are infected by worms such as Code Red or by DDoS agents. In ARP attack, the DDoS agents constantly send a barrage of ARP requests to the gateway, or to a victim computer within the same sub-network, and tie up the resource of attacked gateway or host. In this p...

We examined blame attribution as a moderator of perceptions of hate crimes against gay, African American, and transgender victims. Participants were 510 Texas jury panel members. Results of vignette-based crime scenarios showed that victim blame displayed significant negative, and perpetrator blame significant positive, effects on sentencing recommendations. Also as hypothesized, victim and per...

People who are high in victim-sensitivity-a personality trait characterized by a strong fear of being exploited by others-are more likely to attend to social cues associated with untrustworthiness rather than to cues associated with trustworthiness compared with people who are low in victim-sensitivity. But how do these people react when an initial expectation regarding a target's trustworthine...