BACKGROUND Scrutiny over pharmaceutical expenditure is increasing leading to multiple reforms. This includes Austria with measures to lower generic prices and enhance their utilization. However the situation for newer antidepressants and atypical antipsychotic medicines (AAPs) is different to PPIs, statins, and renin-angiotensin inhibitor drugs with greater tailoring of therapy and no wish to s...

OBJECTIVE Practice guidelines for the initial treatment of bipolar II (BP II) major depressive episode (MDE) recommend mood stabilizer (MS) monotherapy or combined MS plus antidepressant drug (AD) therapy. We hypothesized that initial AD monotherapy would be superior to MS monotherapy for BP II MDE with a low hypomanic switch rate. METHODS Bipolar II MDE patients were randomized to a 12-week ...

BACKGROUND Methylphenidate (MPH) is a neural stimulant agent, which its neurochemical and behavioral effect remain unclear. Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant, which was used for management of depression and anxiety. In this study, protective effects of venlafaxine on MPH induced anxiety, depression and cognition impairment were investigated. METHODS F...

The fate of 12 pharmaceutical pollutants was investigated to understand their removal mechanism during hospital wastewater (HWW) treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). High concentrations anti-depressant (venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine), analgesic (ibuprofen hydroxy-ibuprofen), caffeine were detected the HWW entire study period. SMBR showed high >70% antibiotics (sulfamethoxa...

Objective: This network meta-analysis aims to compare the efficacy and safety of 9 nonoperative regimens (placebo, pregabalin, GM-1 ganglioside, venlafaxine extended-release [venlafaxine XR], fampridine, conventional over-ground training [OT], body-weightsupported treadmill training [BWSTT], robotic-assisted gait training [RAGT]+OT and body-weight-supported over-ground training [BWSOT]) in trea...

Specific objective of the study: This study is aimed to investigate desipramine, venlafaxine and bupropion on depression and anxiety in mice. Methods used: We used a classic tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine; a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitör, venlafaxine; a second-generation antidepressant agent that blocks centrally the reuptake of noradrenaline and dopamine, bupropion in forc...

Specific objective of the study: This study is aimed to investigate desipramine, venlafaxine and bupropion on depression and anxiety in mice. Methods used: We used a classic tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine; a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitör, venlafaxine; a second-generation antidepressant agent that blocks centrally the reuptake of noradrenaline and dopamine, bupropion in forc...

Environmental context Most human pharmaceutical waste is discharged to the environment. While presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater systems well documented globally, little known impact on marine ecosystems. We measured a environment south-eastern Australia and found concentrations around 24 000 times higher benthic flora than surface waters. discuss potential use seaweeds as biological ind...