efforts to achieve effective and meaningful patient and public involvement (ppi) in healthcare have existed for nearly a century, albeit with limited success. this brief commentary discusses a recent paper by carter and martin exploring the “challenges facing healthwatch, a new consumer champion in england,” and places these challenges in the context of the broader struggle to give a voice to h...

This article develops a socio-economic model that analyzes the doping decision of professional athletes. In their evaluation of whether to use performance enhancing drugs athletes consider not only costs and benefits (through rank improvement) but also approval by their fellow athletes. Peergroup approval is modeled as a lagged endogenous variable depending on the share of doping athletes in th...

The present research tried to study a scientific step toward explaining orders of supreme leader Ayatollah Khamenei about the importance of citizens’ support of national products. The main goal of this research was to study the effective social factors in citizens’ support of national products. Statistical population was 400 persons of Kerman’s people aged more than 15 years old. The theoretica...

extended abstract introduction participation, as the key element in achieving development goals especially civic development, has considerable importance. when people have much more participation in affairs, it is more possible to be successful. in these societies, low and deprivated class of society will benefit from participation results and its advantages. from the other hand, these days, p...

e-governance is related to the use of approprairte technology for increasing public relation that promotes democratic declaration of oponion and human independence, supporting of economical development & delivering services failry & efficiently. in order to achieve the aim in the it age, public institutions constrained to have digital portals. these portals should be privacy respected, devilver...

due to urbanization and consequent environmental problems in iran, many people have been interested in improving the weather quality. lack of information about health risks as a result of pollution is a big obstacle which stops policy-making in this regard. the present study examines the type of relationship between low air quality and tehran citizens’ willingness to pay in order to improve wea...