During the last decades research all over the world has highlighted the deleterious effects of pollution on respiratory health of adults and children. Nevertheless, air pollution still represents a significant threat to health. Children are more sensitive than adults to pollutants for several factors: increased respiration relative to body size; physiologic immaturity of respiratory and immunol...

Health status is determined by both host and environmental factors. Among the environmental factors, outdoor air pollution has recently received attention for its public health importance. Increasing urbanization and unprecedented vehicular growth in developing countries such as India exacerbate air quality culminating in polluted environment. There is good evidence that the health of 900 milli...

Traffic is the predominant source of pollution in urban cities like Delhi. Continuous monitoring of the air quality in roads will be very costly and impracticable. To carry out model calculations is a useful alternative to measuring. The most crucial parameter of models is the source strength, which can be estimated in many ways. In the present study, four different methods of source estimation...

Airborne suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a serious worldwide concern since it is linked with adverse health effects. Several epidemiological studies have been made across the world revealing the association of SPM in air with acute and chronic respiratory disorders, lung cancer, morbidity and mortality. Odds ratio estimated by several studies of the dose–response relationship for particul...

Vehicular traffic congestion is a significant problem that arises in many cities. This is due to the increasing number of vehicles that are driving on city roads of limited capacity. The vehicular congestion significantly impacts travel distance, travel time, fuel consumption and air pollution. Avoidance of traffic congestion and providing drivers with optimal paths are not trivial tasks. The k...

Abstract Air pollution is a Worldwide challenge that reason for premature death. It affects both developing nations and developed nations. In particular, the air so much polluted cities are fighting to fulfill quality range protect humans from harmful substances. One of greatest global challenges 2050 reduction greenhouse gas emissions. Besides emissions, major problems in many urban areas this...

Vehicular communications, referring to information exchange among vehicles, pedestrians, and infrastructures, have become very popular and been widely studied recently due to its great potential to support intelligent transportation and various safety applications. Via vehicular communications, manually driving vehicles and autonomous vehicles can collect useful information to improve traffic s...

Spurred by economic growth and motorisation, vehicular emissions in most urban areas of India have become a serious environmental and health issue. The policy response to regulating vehicular emissions has been mainly through command and control (CAC) strategies. These are essentially a set of “dos” and “don’ts” that, inter alia, mandate tailpipe emission standards, fuel standards, and technolo...

1.1 Vehicular Network Definition, Architectures, and Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1.1.1 What Are Vehicular Networks? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1.1.2 Vehicular Network Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1.1.3 Possible Deployment Scena...