Abstract Absences pose a dilemma for theories of causation. Allowing them to be causes seems make too permissive. Banning from being restrictive. An increasingly popular approach this is acknowledge that norms can affect which absences count as causes. In article, I distinguish between two influential implementations such ‘abnormality’ approaches and argue so-called ‘double-prevention mechanism...

Arteriovenous fistulas of the thoracic wall may produce murmurs and thrills which suggest an intrathoracic vascular abnormality. Congenital arteriovenous fistulas in the plecordial region, the site of the fistula in the case here reported, may be confused with anomalies of the heart and great vessels. The differential diagnosis of blood vessel tumors of the chest wall is discussed. Occasionally...

Pericardial coelomic cysts are uncommon tumors that are usually detected on a routine roentgenogram of the chest in an asymptomatic individual. Findings from physical examination are usually unremarkable. Needle aspiration, after echocardiographic finding of a cyst, may be diagnostic and therapeutic. Surgery may be indicated to exclude neoplasm or vascular abnormality. This case report presents...

Background JDM is the most common idiopathic inflammatory myopathy in children. The Wedderburn scoring system is used to assess JDM muscle biopsies and categorizes muscle involvement into 4 domains: inflammatory, vascular, muscle fiber and connective tissue fibrosis (maximum scores: 12, 3, 10, and 2, respectively) and a 10-cm VAS measuring overall abnormality. A 10 cm VAS for chronicity (endomy...

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and radiological features of the vascular anomaly, aberrant internal carotid artery (ICA) in the temporal bone. METHODOLOGY Case reports on two patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Aberrant ICA in the middle ear is a rare congenital abnormality usually identified on a computed tomographic scan before beginning middle ear surgery. Misdiagnosis may lead to seri...

Portal vein aneurysms are rare vascular abnormalities, many of which are incidentally discovered on routine imaging studies. The etiology of portal venous aneurysms is poorly understood, and the management of these lesions is debatable. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm. We review the nature and significance of this abnormality and discuss appropri...

The clinical and operative findings are reviewed in 40patients with hemifadaJ spasm. Vascular cross-compression of the fadaJ nerve adjacent to the brain stem was noted in 39 patients. In 38 the abnormality was usually by an arterial loop. In one patient. osseus contact was discovered and drilled away. Mortality was zero and. morbidity was minimal. Complete cure of spasm was achieved in 36 cases...

A 61-year-old man presented to the ophthalmology department having developed bilateral branch retinal vein occlusions. Baseline blood tests revealed no abnormality; however, subsequent investigations showed a raised plasma homocysteine (HC) level. The patient has been treated for refractory epilepsy for a number of years. Although antiepileptic medications have been shown to reduce folate level...