In 1839, the daguerreotype photographic process was first presented to the scientific community in France. The technology spread rapidly and was widely used around the globe until roughly 1860. Image formation can be generalized into four steps: 1) exposing silver-plated copper to an iodine plus or minus another halogen vapor(s), 2) further exposing the sensitized plate to visible light within ...

In this work, we demonstrate a single-layer encapsulation method for poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). This method is achieved by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process, which is scalable and employs solvent-free and low-substrate temperature conditions. The encapsulant used, poly(divinylbenzene-co-maleic anhydride) (PDVB-MA), was first time synthesized via vapor phase proces...

We fabricated and measured the optical loss of polysilicon waveguides deposited using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition at a temperature of 240°C. A polysilicon film 220 nm thick was deposited on top of a 2000 nm thick plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon dioxide layer. The crystalline volume fraction of the polysilicon film was measured by Raman spectroscopy to be 91%. The optica...

The sporicidal activity of peracetic acid (PAA) vapor at 20, 40, 60, and 80% relative humidity (RH) and 25 C was determined on Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores on paper and glass surfaces. Appreciable activity occurred within 10 min of exposure to 1 mg of PAA per liter and 40% or higher RH. The sporicidal rate decreased from the optimum at 80% RH to a slight effect at 20% RH. Spores on an im...

The processes that fix the fractionation of the stable isotopes of water in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are studied using cloud-resolving model simulations of an idealized equatorial Walker circulation with an imposed Brewer-Dobson circulation. This allows the explicit representation of the convective and microphysical processes at work in the TTL. In this model, the microphysical trans...

The measured dynamic surface tension of a water drop in air saturated by heptane vapor shows a sharp decrease from about 60 mN m−1 to 40 mN m−1, and less after a certain adsorption time. The observed adsorption kinetics is analyzed by a theoretical model based on multilayer adsorption of alkanes from the vapor phase at the water surface. The model assumes a dependence of the kinetic coefficient...

A numerical study of nucleation site density was included into the macrolayer model of Maruyama et al.. The results indicate that nucleate boiling curve and critical heat flux point move to the lower superheat region with increasing surface roughness, which is in a good agreement with Bereson ’s experiment. Furthermore, a three dimensional numerical method using finite control volume method and...

[1] Subtropical humidity plays a critical role in the radiative balance of the planet, and there is a need for adequate description of the controls on water vapor distributions. This study tests whether an advection-condensation model, combined with Rayleigh distillation, can describe observed humidity and water vapor isotope ratios of the subtropical free troposphere. A field campaign, from 9 ...

Eight and nine layer three dimensional photonic crystals with a defect designed specifically for accelerator applications have been fabricated. The structures were fabricated using a combination of nanofabrication techniques, including low pressure chemical vapor deposition, optical lithography, and chemical mechanical polishing. Limits imposed by the optical lithography set the minimum feature...

BACKGROUND Despite their growing popularity, the potential respiratory toxicity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) remains largely unknown. One potential aspect of e-cigarette toxicity is the effect of e-cigarette vapor on lung surfactant function. Lung surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins that lines the alveolar region. The surfactant layer reduces the surface tension of the alv...