Vapor-liquid equilibrium relationships are important properties for practical use, such as in the design and operation of distillation equipment. In general, vapor-liquid equilibrium relations are determined experimentally, and it is a custom to test the thermodynamic consistency of the equilibrium data. Investigators1^4-15'17'19~22-24) have proposed various methods for testing thermodynamic co...

We developed novel flow-through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platforms using gold nanoparticle (Au-NP) immobilized multihole capillaries for rapid and sensitive vapor detection. The multihole capillaries consisting of thousands of micrometer-sized flow-through channels provide many unique characteristics for vapor detection. Most importantly, its three-dimensional SERS-active micro-...

Radiometry can be used to correct the wavefront distortions of millimeter and submillimeter signals introduced by the irregular distribution of water vapor in the Earth's troposphere. By measuring the emission due to water vapor along a line of sight it is possible to estimate the corresponding electrical path length. A correction system based on the strong water vapor transition at 183 GHz is ...

Water vapor is well known to be a critical component in many aspects of atmospheric research, such as radiative transfer and cloud and aerosol processes. The distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere is highly variable, both in time and in space, and has proven to be very difficult to measure accurately. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program’s overa...

A new retrieval technique has been developed which resolves some of the vertical structure of lower tropospheric water vapor over Oceans from space. 'The relationship is demonstrated by comparisons between direct measurements of the water vapor profile, by radiosondes, and coincident estimates of the horizontal turbulence structure of Integrated Water Vapor, wing the TOPEX Microwave Radiometer ...

It was recently shown that vapor-liquid coexistence densities derived from Mie and Yukawa models collapse to define a single master curve when represented against the difference between the reduced second virial coefficient at the corresponding temperature and that at the critical point. In this work, we further test this proposal for another generalization of the Lennard-Jones pair potential. ...

[1] Tropical convective anvil clouds detrain preferentially near 200 hPa. It is argued here that this occurs because clear-sky radiative cooling decreases rapidly near 200 hPa. This rapid decline of clear-sky longwave cooling occurs because radiative emission from water vapor becomes inefficient above 200 hPa. The emission from water vapor becomes less important than the emission from CO2 becau...

Glass films created by vapor-depositing molecules onto a substrate can exhibit properties similar to those of ordinary glasses aged for thousands of years. It is believed that enhanced surface mobility is the mechanism that allows vapor deposition to create such exceptional glasses, but it is unclear how this effect is related to the final state of the film. Here we use molecular dynamics simul...

We developed and characterized a rapid, sensitive and integrated optical vapor sensor array for micro-gas chromatography (μGC) applications. The sensor is based on the Fabry-Pérot (FP) interferometer formed by a micrometre-thin vapor-sensitive polymer layer coated on a silicon wafer. The thickness and the refractive index of the polymer vary in response to the vapor analyte, resulting in a chan...

We report on a concept for vapor sensing with the quartz crystal microbalance where the vapor phase is absorbed into small droplets of an ionic liquid. The liquid is contained in the pores of a nanoporous alumina layer, created on the front electrode of the quartz crystal by anodization. Ionic liquids are attractive for vapor sensing because--being liquids--they equilibrate very fast, while at ...