Zhan (J Int Business Policy https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00088-0 , 2021) identifies five major forces that will drive the transformation of global value chains (GVCs) and redefine trade investment landscape. The key to understanding GVCs is recognize MNEs control them. A detailed knowledge differing contexts required predict outcomes dynamic processes identified in his paper, but this mus...

Global value chains (GVCs) have revolutionized production processes and many companies no longer produce goods services entirely in one single country or within their own organizational boundaries. Through offshoring outsourcing, are sliced up activities dispersed to locations actors where they can be produced executed most efficiently. The fine slicing of GVCs also implies that innovation geog...

This paper aims to identify patterns of functional specialisation (FS) in global value chains (GVCs) and determinants upgrading them for selected Central Eastern European (CEE) economies. By combing the World Input-Output Database with data on occupations, we reveal a new FS pattern among subgroups CEEs. Poland Slovakia have an unfavourable GVC position specialise low value-added fabrication fu...

The Wiener index is the sum of distances between all pairs of vertices in a connected graph. In this paper, explicit expressions for the expected value of the Wiener index of three types of random pentagonal chains (cf. Figure 1) are obtained.

Input-output economics has become a popular tool to analyse the international fragmentation of value chains, especially now that several multi-regional tables that cover large parts of the global economy have become available. It has been argued that these tables, when analysed with the help of the input-output economics toolbox, can provide better insights about global value chains than can be...

BACKGROUND Value chain analyses are commonly used to understand socioeconomic and power relationships in the production chain from the initial starting material to a final (generally high value) product. These analyses help in terms of understanding economic processes but also have been used in the context of socioeconomic and socioecological research. AIMS OF THE STUDY However, there is a ga...