Introduction: While Amazonian fluvial landforms are not abundant on Mars, remote sensing data have revealed details regarding the role of ice in non-polar regions in the Amazonian. Evidence includes 1) deposits interpreted to be remnants of cold-based glaciers at low-and mid-latitudes [1-6]; 2) mantling deposits interpreted to be a desiccating layer of ground ice [7-8]; 3) laterally-expansive u...

The present work is devoted to a phenomenon known from physics and chemistry that is hitherto studied only by means of computer simulations and neither there nor in mathematics rigorously defined: the notion of metabasins. Metabasins are a partition of the state space of certain physical systems according to specific aggregation rules along a given finite simulation path. The main challenge of ...

A partition π of the set [n] = {1, 2, . . . , n} is a collection {B1, B2, . . . , Bk} of nonempty disjoint subsets of [n] (called blocks) whose union equals [n]. In this paper, we find an explicit formula for the generating function for the number of partitions of [n] with exactly k blocks according to the number of peaks (valleys) in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. Furthermo...

The interplay of massive electrons with spin-orbit coupling in bulk graphene results in a spin-valley dependent gap. Thus, a barrier with such properties can act as a filter, transmitting only opposite spins from opposite valleys. In this Letter we show that a strain induced pseudomagnetic field in such a barrier will enforce opposite cyclotron trajectories for the filtered valleys, leading to ...

Splitting between equivalent valleys larger than the spin splitting energy is observed in confined electron systems, e.g. Si films grown either on SiGe substrate or Si dioxide and Si/SiGe quantum dots. Understanding the contribution of different factors in the valley degeneracy lifting is of key importance for the development of spin-based devices in Si. We demonstrate that the splitting betwee...

We describe an angularly asymmetric interface-scattering mechanism which allows to spatially separate the electrons in the two low-energy valleys of bilayer graphene. The effect occurs at electrostatically defined interfaces separating regions of different pseudospin polarization, and is associated with the helical winding of the pseudospin vector across the interface, which breaks the reflecti...

2014 For a mean field ferromagnet, we calculate as a function of temperature the probability that two configurations submitted to the same thermal noise fall into opposite valleys. For a system of N spins, we show that the time for two configurations to meet increases like log N when the two configurations belong to the same valley and exponentially with N when the two configurations belong to ...