This article proposes a new way of approaching the roots secularism and its outcome that is secularization. The fact this phenomenon arises precisely in Christian world, which ultimately leads to complete emancipation what worldly toward religion, profanum sacrum, astonishing. process European has beginning 11th century, when so-called dispute about reason was initiated resulting, next epochs h...

This paper reports the construction and testing of a historical environmental simulation model, Búmodel (bú: Icelandic farm estate or enterprise). The model permits the investigation of historical grazing management under variable environmental conditions in Iceland through the prediction of spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation biomass and utilisation. Input parameters of the model are e...

The Semantic Web is an extension of the Web through standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) [4]. These standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, most fundamentally the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Its ultimate goal is to make the Web a suitable data space for humans (using the paradigm of Linked Documents) as well as for machines (using the parad...

ketab-ol-ein, which was written by ahmad farahidi, is one of the oldest dictionaries that exist today. in the preliminary discussion we mentioned that, although historical sources show that the work of ibn abbas looks like a dictionary, it is becoming accepted that ketab-ol-ein is the first dictionary. the article starts with explanations about the life and work of khalilibn ahmad. we have also...

Can the historical equity premium be explained as a rational equilibrium outcome when riskaverse agents with conventional preferences are faced with non-diversifiable sources of risk (e.g., from labor or entrepreneurial income), and when trading frictions prevent them from using financial assets to effectively self-insure transitory shocks? Our research suggests that it is difficult to generate...

In a 42.8 ks ROSAT HRI X-ray observation of the spiral galaxy NGC 4321 (M 100) X-ray emission from the supernova 1979C is discovered, sixteen years after its outburst, with an (0.1–2.4 keV) X-ray luminosity of Lx = 1.0 × 1039 erg s−1. No X-ray emission is observed from the three other historical supernovae in NGC 4321 (SN 1901B, SN 1914A and SN 1959E). In addition to SN 1979C, seven X-ray point...

The present day seismic activity from a region reflects the active tectonics and can confirm the seismic potential of the seismogenic sources as they are modelled using the historical seismicity. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the last decade seismicity recorded in the Banat Seismic Region (western part of Romania) and the historical seismicity of the region (Mw≥4.0). Four significa...

based on writing of tabari as well as other historical researches, mihr narseh, prime minister of bahram v (421-439 ad) founded a number of buildings in the province of ardashir khorrah. among public utility buildings, he built four fire temples in four villages in baryn plains of the same province. the current paper tries to find the exact locations of those temples based on references availab...