This paper reports the construction and testing of a historical environmental simulation model, Búmodel (bú: Icelandic farm estate or enterprise). The model permits the investigation of historical grazing management under variable environmental conditions in Iceland through the prediction of spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation biomass and utilisation. Input parameters of the model are e...

in spite of continuous changes in different era, historic and old cities with their unique attraction can be considered as a best place for tourism activities. sanandaj as a capital of kurdistan, with its’ compressed and labyrinth old texture which during the time according the physical, social and natural features had been made, because fascinating historic architecture, unique cultural and ar...

In this article, I shall review contemporary Chinese studies of Mencius in Taiwan. In order for this review to be more focused, I shall not attempt to include all the books and articles published on Mencius. Instead, I shall focus on material that follows these two approaches: (1) philosophical and (2) intellectual-historical. Contemporary scholars who take the first approach see the Mencius as...

The authors follow up the issues of cultural tourism in their relationship with and historical heritage context education young people. methods analysis, forecasting, method expert assessment, sociological are used at article. Emphasizing importance globalizing world, consider it as a factor collective identity formation, which is important for national stability safety ensuring. In authors’ op...

Adaptationism has prompted many a debate in philosophy of biology but the focus is usually on empirical and explanatory issues rather than methodological adaptationism (MA). Likewise, the context of evolutionary biology has provided the grounding for most discussions of the heuristic role of adaptationism. This paper extends the debate by drawing on case studies from physiology and systems biol...