background: generally, sewage exposed water could be potentially contaminated with enteroviruses. for this reason, en­terovirus isolation from sewage specimens is one of the most sensitive indicators for virus circulation in the population. we evalu­ated the icc-rt-pcr and cell culture methods for detection of enteroviruses in tehran sewage system. methods: this research utilized 63 specimens p...

avian leukosis viruses (alvs) cause different types of tumours in poultry and can affect the health and egg production of the birds. to investigate the presence of the virus in chicken layer flocks in shiraz, 222 egg albumen from local layer breeder (25 eggs), local layer grand parent (30 eggs), broiler breeder (60 eggs), commercial layer (46 eggs) and broiler grand parent (61 eggs) were tested...

widespread occurrence of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses in many asian countriesduring the past decade has resulted in the need for evaluation of the pathogenesis of h9n2 virus infection. in this study, tissue tropism and dissemination of a/chicken/iran/772/1998(h9n2) virus throughout the body of broiler chickens were investigated. the clinical signs, gross lesions and antibo...

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Methods 3.1. Animals 3.2. Urine Collection 3.3. Blood collection and kidneys removal 3.4. Determination of plasma and intra-renal ANG II 3.4.1. Extraction of ANG peptides by Solid Phase Extraction Chromatography (SPEC) 3.4.2. Quantification of ANG II levels by radioimmunoassay 3.5. Measurement of functional parameters 3.6. Isolation of glomeruli 3.6.1. Preparation...

One approach to quantitate RNA is the use of a known number of competitive internal standard molecules that are reverse-transcribed and subsequently co-amplified under the same reaction conditions as the target sequence (3). This technique, called competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR) has been applied to monitor the level of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in patient...