background: diabetes mellitus (dm) is a health concern which leads to complications such as retinopathy. pakistan has 6.9 million people living with dm and this toll will be doubled by 2025. objective: to determine serum il-6 and il-17 of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) patients with retinopathy. methods: in this cross-sectional casecontrol study, 212 subjects enrolled which were categorized in...

background: interleukin-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine belonging to il-12 and il-23 families, secreted  by antigen presenting cells( apcs ) .the il-27 is composed of 2 subunits: epstein-barr virus induced gene 3 (ebi3) and p28. il-27 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which has an inhibitory effect on th17 population and suppress the il-17 expression. it is suggested that il-27 could be a potent ...

context inflammatory pains caused by direct stimulation of nociceptors are altered by release of inflammatory mediators, cytokines and chemokines and also gut microbiota. a substantial clinical evidence supports the pivotal role of probiotics in the betterment of inflammatory disorders symptoms such as pain. therefore, this study aimed to review the potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic rol...

bladder calculi, a rare condition in the pediatric population, occur most commonly as a result of either migration from the kidney or urinary stasis in the bladder. we report the case of a 3-year-old boy with recurrent urinary tract infections (uti) secondary to bladder calculi formation on the sutures from a previous herniorrhaphy.a 3-year-old boy with previous history of herniorrhaphy present...

background stress urinary incontinence (sui), the most common type of urinary incontinence (ui), is usually defined as leakage of urine during movement or activity which puts pressure on the bladder, such as coughing, sneezing, running or heavy lifting. it is reported in most countries that 15% to 40% of women struggle with sui and its severe implications for daily life, including social intera...

in this paper, a general introduction is given, presenting the overactive bladder syndrome (oab) and its impact on the quality of life and economical burden in patients affected. moreover, the anatomy, physiology and histology of the lower urinary tract are discussed, followed by a brief overview on the possible role of prostaglandin (pg) and phosphodiesterase type 5 (pde5) in the urinary bladd...

results during the period from jan 2000 to dec 2011, at our center, 19 children less than eighteen years of age underwent urinary diversion with yang-monti’s catheterizable stoma. the indications for urinary diversion was neuropathic bladder in eight, exstrophy bladder in seven , valve bladder syndrome in three and persistent urethral stricture in one. none of the children found cic difficult d...

The cytokine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been widely implicated in the development and progression of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans and in experimental models. The aims of this study were to assess the association between urinary active TGF-β1 and (a) development of CKD in a cross-sectional study, (b) deterioration of renal function over 1 year in a...