Nonmetropolitan America contains almost 25 percent of the nation's population and 33 percent of its labor force. Rural residents are more likely to experience subemployment or poverty than their urban counterparts', and nonmetropolitan areas have lower wage rates and family income than urban areas. During the 1970s, rural areas benefited from a shift of manufacturing jobs from the metropolitan ...

Sustainability science is use-inspired fundamental research that links knowledge to action such that meeting the needs of society can be balanced with sustaining the life support systems of the planet (1, 2). Nowhere is this action-oriented research needed more than in urban areas that are now home to more than half of the world’s population, generating about 80% of the world’s economy (3) as w...

The aim of the study was to evaluate differences in breast cancer incidence and stage of disease between the urban and rural female population in Podlaskie Voivodship in 2001–2002, before the introduction of the Population Screening Programme in 2006. Analysis was based on 696 breast cancer cases diagnosed in years 2001–2002 and registered in the CR in Białystok (Voivodship Cancer Registry). An...

Cigarette smoking is the strongest modifiable factor, which shortens the life span and deteriorates the quality of life. It increases the risk of development of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory system diseases. The objective of the study was evaluation of the prevalence of cigarette smoking among the adult population of the Lublin Region, and investigation of the relationship between nico...

A multitude of factors; tremendous urbanization after the economic reforms of 1978, particularly the open door policy, foreign direct investment, industrialization in the last two decades and globalization have shaken the dynamics of Chinese cityscape, especially in the coastal areas. Level of urbanization is expected to reach 50 percent of the total population, which was less than 20 percent i...

An important aspect of area-wide traffic calming concepts is the integration of major urban roads, because 70 to 80 percent of all urban accidents occur on major roads. Traffic calming which is primarily based on the locational shift to such main thoroughfares is socially injust, because -in spite of all disturbances on those streets about one quarter of the urban population live there. Social ...

Epidemic cholera reached South America in January 1991 and later spread to Central America and the United States. It afflicted 312,000 people and claimed 3200 lives. Since cholera had not been in Latin America for almost 70 years, health authorities allowed environmental health barriers to cholera collapse. For example, the Governments of the Region agreed in 1961 to abide by the Charter of ...

During the last 100 years in many countries of the world, there have been dramatic changes in natural/rural landscapes due to urbanization. Since many wildlife species are unable to adapt to these alterations in their environment, urbanization is commonly responsible for a decline of biodiversity in areas of urban development. In contrast, some wild animal species are attracted to peri-urban an...