hat is upward management? Management is getting things done W through people, and upward management can be defined as getting things done through those who supervise us. This concept has been used effectively by the Japanese. Contrasting management in Japan with that in the United States, a Japanese economist said, Our system is rather like an electric train with each car having its own motor, ...

It is shown that almost every language in ESPACE is very hard to approximate with circuits It follows that P BPP implies that E is a measure subset of ESPACE

Upward counterfactual thoughts identify how a previous outcome could have turned out better. Research has found that such thoughts are associated with intentions to improve on subsequent performance outcomes. The present dissertation proposes a new self-evaluation model of upward counterfactual thinking which reasons that upward counterfactual thinking is closely tied to self-evaluation and sel...

During debates and interviews, political leaders often have to defend themselves from adversaries and journalists questioning their performance. To fight against these threats, politicians resort to various defensive strategies, either direct or indirect, to draw attention away from their responsibilities or shed a more positive light upon their work. Counterfactual defences (i.e., comparing pa...

It is experimentally demonstrated that an arbitrary quantum state of a single spin 1/2, a| upward arrow+b| downward arrow, can be converted into a superposition of the two ferromagnetic states of a spin cluster: a| upward arrow upward arrow... upward arrow upward arrow+b| downward arrow downward arrow... downward arrow downward arrow. The physical system is a cluster of seven dipolar-coupled nu...

A digraph is upward planar if it has a planar drawing such that all the edges are monotone with respect to the vertical direction. Testing upward planarity and constructing upward planar drawings is important for displaying hierarchical network structures, which frequently arise in software engineering, project management, and visual languages. In this paper we investigate upward planarity test...