Molecular diffusion is an omnipresent phenomena that is important in a wide variety of contexts in chemical, physical, and biological processes. In the majority of cases, the diffusion process can be adequately described by Fick's law that postulates a linear relationship between the flux of any species and its own concentration gradient. Most commonly, a component diffuses down the concentrati...

This study was designed to examine the biomechanical and physiological responses between cycling on the Axiom stationary ergometer (Axiom, Elite, Fontaniva, Italy) vs. field conditions for both uphill and level ground cycling. Nine cyclists performed cycling bouts in the laboratory on an Axiom stationary ergometer and on their personal road bikes in actual road cycling conditions in the field w...

The uphill energy transfer in photosystems implies input energy at higher wavelength leading to energy output at lower wavelength. Briefly, energy is uphill transported from photosystem I (PSI) to photosystem II (PSII), the latter having a lower wavelength emission. This uphill energy transport involves absorption of thermal energy from the surroundings. While such cooling effects have been rep...

Sarcomerogenesis, or the addition of sarcomeres in series within a fiber, has a profound impact on the performance of a muscle by increasing its contractile velocity and power. Sarcomerogenesis may provide a beneficial adaptation to prevent injury when a muscle consistently works at long lengths, accounting for the repeated-bout effect. The association between eccentric exercise, sarcomerogenes...

Influences of load carriage and inclination on spatiotemporal parameters were examined during treadmill and overground walking. Ten soldiers walked on a treadmill and overground with three load conditions (00 kg, 20 kg, 40 kg) during level, uphill (6% grade) and downhill (-6% grade) inclinations at self-selected speed, which was constant across conditions. Mean values and standard deviations fo...

Here, we studied muscle-specific and muscle-related miRNAs in plasma of exercising humans. Our aim was to determine whether they are affected by eccentric and/or concentric exercise modes and could be biomarkers of muscle injuries or possible signaling molecules. On two separate days, nine healthy subjects randomly performed two 30-min walking exercises, one downhill (high eccentric component) ...

The aims of the present study were firstly to examine the reproducibility of outdoor flat and uphill cycling time trials (TT), and secondly to assess the relationship between peak power output (Wpeak) obtained in the laboratory and outdoor cycling performance in moderately trained cyclists. Eight competitive male cyclists first performed a progressive cycle ergometer test in the laboratory to d...

Adenine transport in the L1210 leukemia cell is mediated by a rapid facilitated process. Evidence supporting a carrier transport mechanism includes the observations that 1) extracellular hypoxanthine or xanthine inhibits net adenine uptake and 2) the presence of these bases within the intracellular compartment produces an uphill flow of adenine into the cell (countertransport). On the other han...

The Yupno of Papua New Guinea make extensive use of topographic terms—such as uphill and downhill—for conceptualizing spatial relations (Wassmann, 1994). Given the ubiquity of topographic distinctions in everyday Yupno language, an interesting question is whether such contrasts are also used when topographic landmarks are not available, such as within traditional houses. Yupno houses have flat,...

BACKGROUND The therapeutic effects of exercise resistance and endurance training in the alleviation of muscle hypertrophy/atrophy should be considered in the management of patients with advanced neuromuscular diseases. Patients with progressive neuromuscular diseases often experience muscle weakness, which negatively impact independence and quality of life levels. Mutations in the valosin conta...