in this paper the most important arguments of muslim philosophers in supporting the createdness of the human soul are examined. we will criticize five arguments by some new objections and show that none of them is reliable and unquestionable. then we go through the most important views of exegetes on the nature of the world of pre-existence (the world of zarr) and criticize them. two of these v...

this article studies the quranic view on the unity among human beings and the causes which destroy the unity. according to the quran human beings are created from the same essence , all being created from adam and eve , but such sameness and unity disappeared because of different reasons. to re-unite the ummah the quran suggests brotherhood and kindness among moslems, and respet to other religi...

Descartes developed an elaborate theory of animal physiology that he used to explain functionally organized, situationally adapted behavior in both human and nonhuman animals. Although he restricted true mentality to the human soul, I argue that he developed a purely mechanistic (or material) ‘psychology’ of sensory, motor, and low-level cognitive functions. In effect, he sought to mechanize th...

This issue was discussed with regard to chosen commentaries Aristotle’s treatise De anima, formed in the so-called via moderna mainstream, particular those of John Buridan, Nicole Oresme and Laurentius Lindores. In such a context, Cracovian referring Parisian nominalists were presented by Benedict Hesse Anonymus. The analyses carried out above allow one ascertain that although William Ockham’s ...

philosophers view the advantage of human soul over animal soul in theoretical and practical intellect. however, there is disagreement among them in stating the quiddity of these two intellects. with a deliberation on their words, at least four interpretations can be implied from these two intellects. after reporting the statements and expressing the functions of practical intellect, the article...