Nitrogen (N) is the primary growth-limiting nutrient in many terrestrial ecosystems, and therefore plant production per unit N taken up (i.e., N use efficiency, NUE) is a fundamentally important component of ecosystem function. Nitrogen use efficiency comprises two components: N productivity (A(N), plant production per peak biomass N content) and the mean residence time of N in plant biomass (M...

Installed capacity markets in the northeast of the United States ensure that adequate generation exists to satisfy regional loss of load probability (LOLP) criterion. LOLP studies are conducted to determine the amount of capacity that is needed, but they do not consider several factors that substantially affect the calculated distribution of available capacity. These studies do not account for ...

OBJECTIVES To describe (1) the extent to which acute and intensive care units use the elements of nursing models (team, functional, primary, total patient care, patient-focused care, case management) and (2) the deployment of non-unit-based personnel resources. BACKGROUND The lack of current data-based behavioral descriptions of the extent to which elements of nursing models are implemented m...

This paper presents the profit analysis of a system of two non-identical units in which one unit is original which is initially operative and the other is duplicate kept in cold standby. The units may fail completely directly from normal mode. There is a single server who visits the system immediately when required. The original unit undergoes for repair upon failure while only replacement of t...

earth pressure balance tunnel boring machines (epb-tbms) are favorably applied in urban tunneling projects. despite their numerous advantages, considerable delays and high maintenance cost are the main disadvantages these machines suffer from. reliability, availability, and maintainability (ram) analysis is a practical technique that uses failure and repair dataset obtained over a reasonable ti...

optimization of maintenance resources to maximize the system availability is a major concern in different manufacturing systems. therefore, a lot of effort is put to construct optimization models to reach the maximum availability level and to reduce the costs of lack of availability. however, despite these efforts, data uncertainty in the real world problems was neglected in proposed models whi...

Authentication as a security key issue is required for securing the inter-vehicle communication. Mostly, authentication schemes that depend on the network infrastructure Road Side Unit (RSU) had been proven to have low computation and communication overhead. RSUs may become unavailable due to congestion or failure conditions. Replicating authentication service offered by RSUs to trusted vehicle...