We model long distance historical trade through intermediaries (couriers). Assuming contracts cannot be enforced and the courier can abscond, we characterize optimal trade schemes. The courier makes many but finite return trips, being entrusted with bundles of ever-increasing value, the last of which they keep for themselves. We are consistent with evidence including: (i) finite trade schemes t...

Recent years have shown reasonable support (including by the author of article) for proposals to exclude methods diagnosing and treating people animals from list results intellectual activity in respect which patent protection can be applied scientific legal literature. These are based on provisions Agreement Trade-Related Aspects Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), foreign experien...

Politicians champion free trade for bringing an era of high and stable growth, although the evidence supporting such claims is ambiguous. Studies that associate increases in trade with increases in gross domestic product often leave open questions of causality: high growth, the result for instance of strong industrial policies, typically leads to more trade. China and India's growth spurts prec...

We use a new database of commitments made during the process ratifying Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) to study variation in countries’ commitment behaviour. The TFA is novel World Organization agreement because it allows developing countries select from menu best practices trade facilitation, rather than consent, or not, comprehensive package negotiated commitments. operation this á la cart...

The failure of the Canadian pharmaceutical company Biolyse Pharma to obtain authorization under Canada’s Access Medicines Regime (CAMR) produce 15 million badly needed doses a generic copy vaccine by developing country is occasion for reflection on right health and compatibility this with dominant system intellectual property rights (IPR) 1994 Agreement Trade-Related Aspects Intellectual Proper...

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