In the present paper, the problem of externally excited exponential transmission line hasbeen solved analytically in frequency domain using a simple approach. Then steplines approximationas a first order approximation for the problem of externally excited nonuniform transmission lines ingeneral and exponentially tapered transmission line (ETL) as a special case has been presented.Finally the tw...

in this article, we estimate the vertical price transmission through the iranian rice marketing chain by usingmonthly data from march 2000 to february, 2009 and error correction model (ecm).the causality testresults indicate that changes in the producer price clearly led changes in wholesale and retail prices. inproducer-retail and wholesale-retail models, price transmission is asymmetric but i...

Over the past three decades vertical price transmission analysis has been the subject of considerable attention in applied agricultural conomics. It has been argued that the existence of asymmetric price transmission generates rents for marketing and processing agents. Retail prices allegedly move faster upwards than downwards in response to farm level pricemovements. This is an important issue...