Deflection routing is one of the promising approaches to resolve contention in the optical burst switching networks. In the conventional deflection routing scheme, optical bursts may be unable to traverse the route evaluated to select an outgoing link because of the contention at succeeding downstream transit nodes. As a result, the optical bursts may traverse a different route resulting in a l...

I nformation that facilitates efficient movement through transit facilities provided by station architecture or by signs is a crucial design factor affecting such issues as passenger security, convenience, and the desire to use transit. The information aspect of station design can also have a major impact on capital and operating costs, The information needs of passengers in transit facilities,...

Recent work on hot-potato routing [1] has uncovered that large transit ASs can be sensitive to hot-potato disruptions. Designing a robust network is felt as overly important by transit providers as paths crossed by the traffic have both to be optimal and reliable. However, equipment failures and maintenance make this robustness non-trivial to achieve. To help understanding the robustness of lar...

The Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM) provides transit agencies with tools for measuring system performance at different levels of operation. Bus service reliability, one of the key performance measures, has become a major concern of both transit operators and users because it significantly affects user experience and service quality perceptions. The objective of this paper...

Introduction: The dwell time and transit time components contribute to the overall delivered dose to patients in high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatments. The transit time results from source entry and exit as well as source movements between dwell positions. It depends on various parameters such as the source speed profile, source indexer distance to dwell position, and ...

Passenger exchange coefficient is a significant factor which has great impact on the pricing model of urban rail transit. This paper introduces passenger into bi-level programming with time differential for transit by analysing variation regularity flow characteristics. Meanwhile, cost also considered as restrictive in model. The improved particle swarm optimisation algorithm (IPSO) was ap-plie...

colon transit time study with radio opaque markers is a simple method for assessment of colon motility disorder in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation. appendicitis caused by metallic objects has been reported repeatedly and is very important because of its complications. we report a case of acute appendicitis that was induced by impaction of radio opaque markers after colon transit t...

A long-standing debate questions whether the World Trade Organization’s (“WTO”) formal dispute settlement procedures level the playing field for lower income countries in international trade disputes, or instead, merely give opportunistic and sophisticated countries complex * Trade Counsel, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2007; M.P.P., Georg...