Tornado occurrence rates computed from the available reports are biased low relative to unknown true rates. To correct for this bias, authors demonstrate a method estimate annual probability of being struck by tornado that uses average report density estimated as function distance nearest city/town center. The is demonstrated on Kansas and then applied 15 other tornado-prone states Nebraska Ten...

Applying two definitions of the union of IF-events, P. Grzegorzewski gave two generalizations of the inclusion-exclusion principle for IF-events.In this paper we prove an inclusion-exclusion principle for IF-states based on a method which can also be used to prove Grzegorzewski's inclusion-exclusion principle for probabilities on IF-events.Finally, we give some applications of this principle by...