Quell is a novel transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator for the treatment of chronic pain. It uses wearable intensive nerve stimulation to provide pain relief. The device is placed on the upper calf and includes sophisticated electrical stimulation technology, automation algorithms and electrode arrays. It may be used with an optional mobile app. This monograph covers scientific and technic...

Locomotor behavior is controlled by specific neural circuits called central pattern generators primarily located at the lumbosacral spinal cord. These locomotor-related neuronal circuits have a high level of automaticity; that is, they can produce a "stepping" movement pattern also seen on electromyography (EMG) in the absence of supraspinal and/or peripheral afferent inputs. These circuits can...

Epilepsy medications are ineffective 30% of the time. Implantable devices are unsuitable in emergency situations. This research focuses on the development of an ambulatory system capable of the non-invasive detection and termination of seizures in emergencies. Towards this end, a concentric ring electrode system for detecting seizure electrical activity and applying localized transcranial elect...

The study of folk medicine by anthropologists and medical historians has revealed an astonishing array of ingenious methods to relieve pain (Brockbank, 1954). Every culture, it appears, has learned to fight pain with pain: in general, brief, moderate pain tends to abolish severe, prolonged pain. One of the oldest methods is cupping, in which a glass cup is heated up (by coals or flaming alcohol...

BACKGROUND A critical limitation with transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a rehabilitative approach is the rapid onset of muscle fatigue during repeated contractions. We have developed a method called spatially distributed sequential stimulation (SDSS) to reduce muscle fatigue by distributing the center of electrical field over a wide area within a single stimulation site, us...

A powerful early inhibition is seen in triceps surae after transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the Achilles tendon [tendon electrical stimulation (TES)]. The aim of the present study was to confirm results from surface electromyogram (SEMG) recordings that the inhibition is not wholly or partly due to stimulation of cutaneous afferents that may lie within range of the tendon electrodes. Be...

PURPOSE To establish whether it is possible to improve orbicularis oculi muscle function in the eyelids of patients with a chronic seventh cranial nerve palsy by using transcutaneous electrical stimulation to the point at which electrical stimulation induces a functional blink. METHODS Ten subjects (one woman, nine men) aged 36 to 76 with chronic, moderate to severe facial nerve palsy were re...

[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the differential effects of high-intensity and low-intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the contralateral side on the pain threshold in healthy subjects. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-five healthy adults, volunteers received two intensity levels (motor-level, 1.5 times the muscle motor threshold; sensory-level, sensory threshold of t...