on one hand, iran due to the low annual rainfall and lack of appropriate spatial and temporal distribution in precipitation is considered as an arid and semi-arid country experiencing stress and water scarcity; on the other hand, 90% of annual water consumption has been allocated to agriculture sector in iran and efficiency and productivity of water consumption do not enjoy favorable status in ...

While the gravity model has been one of the most successful applications in empirical trade, various attempts are still made to improve its regression results. One of the recent developments in the econometric technique is to extend the gravity model to a panel data framework and take into consideration the existence of dynamic effects. In this paper, we apply these new techniques to examine th...

China’s trade with Africa has increased significantly in the past two decades. The effects of these growing trade volumes (and financial flows) are quite contested. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of growing Chinese influence in Africa on the intra-regional trade in the continent. This paper estimates a traditional gravity model using Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimati...

Using bilateral data on remittance flows to Pakistan for 23 major host countries, in the first study of its kind, the authors examine the effect of transaction costs on foreign remittances. They find that the effect of transaction costs on remittance flows is negative and significant; suggesting that a high cost will either refrain migrant’s from sending money back home or make them remit throu...

Regional Trade Agreements such as ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) are expected to increase the trade flows among member countries through trade creation and trade diversion. This paper employs the gravity model using manufacturing trade data to analyse this hypothesised effect in a time-varying context. The estimation results suggest that AFTA has expanded the trade substantially. The trade creati...

trade secrets has an important role in economic growth and development of economic competition. however ,one of the challenges in this sphere is the emergence of economice spionag. increasing growth of economic espionage causes to emerge a new phenomenon which is called information terrorism. so the mechanism of protection of the trade secretsincivil and criminal law is necessary for economic g...