Two physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for trichloroethylene (TCE) in mice and humans were calibrated with new toxicokinetic data sets. Calibration is an important step in model development, essential to a legitimate use of models for research or regulatory purposes. A Bayesian statistical framework was used to combine prior information about the model parameters with the data likelih...

The extent to which results of experimental toxicology studies can be used to assess risk for humans varies. Administering high doses of chemicals to experimental animals may produce indirect adverse metabolic and nutritional effects, and metabolic pathways may differ at high and low doses. The rate of metabolism at high and low doses and the metabolic pathways of chemicals in different species...

The clinical interpretation of trace element analysis has lagged behind the technology available to measure the elements in body fluids. Reports can be difficult to interpret and requires knowledge of toxicokinetics, the dynamics of how the trace metals accumulate and pass through the body. Trace element analysis is best used for specific applications, such as establishing levels of exposure, b...

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for trichloroethylene (TCE) in rodents and humans was calibrated with published toxicokinetic data sets. A Bayesian statistical framework was used to combine previous information about the model parameters with the data likelihood, to yield posterior parameter distributions. The use of the hierarchical statistical model yielded estimates of both var...

Uptake and toxicity of Ni-Co mixtures in Enchytraeus crypticus were determined after 4 d, 7 d, 10 d, and 14 d exposure. Generally, body concentrations of Ni and Co increased with increasing exposure concentrations. Ni body concentration was significantly reduced in the presence of Co, whereas Ni only marginally affected Co uptake. When expressed as free ion activities, individual toxicity of Ni...

OBJECTIVES Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) consist of analogs with various carbon chain lengths. Their toxicokinetics have remained unexplored except in the case of perfluorooctanoic acid (8 carbon chemicals). This study aimed to investigate the toxicokinetics of PFCAs with six to fourteen carbon atoms (C6 to C14) in mice and humans. METHODS We applied a two-compartment model to mice ...

Semen Strychni have been shown to have therapeutic effect in improving blood circulation, relieving rheumatic pain, and treating cancer. However, Semen Strychni could cause severe nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate whether treatment with total glucosides from paeony (TGP) has renoprotective effect against nephrotoxicity induced by total alkaloids from Semen Strychni (TAS...

Typical approaches for analyzing mixture ecotoxicity data only provide a description of the data; they cannot explain observed interactions, nor explain why mixture effects can change in time and differ between endpoints. To improve our understanding of mixture toxicity we need to explore biology-based models. In this paper, we present an integrated approach to deal with the toxic effects of mi...

We compared the toxicokinetics of methylmercury in captive common loon chicks during two time intervals to assess the impact of feather growth on the kinetics of mercury. We also determined the oral bioavailability of methylmercury during these trials to test for age-related changes. The blood concentration-time curves for individuals dosed during feather development (initiated 35 days post hat...

The International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) was established in 1990. Since then, representatives of the regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industries from Europe, Japan and the US have held discussions on issues about the technical requirements for safety, efficacy quality, and multidisciplinary areas. Th...