This work proposes a novel direct-detection polarization division multiplexed OFDM scheme without the need of dynamic polarization control at a polarization-diverse receiver, and the proposed scheme is robust against polarization mode dispersion. Setting the frequency difference between two polarization-orthogonal reference carriers as one subcarrier spacing, possible signal fading can be avoid...

This study examines and formulates the effect of acoustic parameters on the identification of Mandarin Tone2 and Tone3, which are timing of turning point (T_t), falling of F0 (F0_△), duration (T_d), and precursor register (Register). Three stimulus matrixes of tone tokens are set up with T_t and F0_△. Subjects identify tone tokens. In Experiment 1, matrixes are different in T_t or T_t/Td. In Ex...

OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare the difference and the change trend of Muscle Architecture Parameters (MAP) between spastic and normal muscle tone patients after stroke, and analysis the application and value of Muscle Architecture Parameters in evaluating spasticity after stroke. METHODS 41 stroke patients were divided into spastic group (26 cases), normal muscle tone control group (15 ...

tone is functionally as resistance to passive movement. it is separated into postural tone and phasic tone. phasic tone is the result of rapid stretching of a tendon and the muscle spindle, however postural tone is the result of a steady, restrained strech on muscles. hypottonia is a decreased resistance to passive movement. the term floppy is frequently used to describe hypotonic children. in ...

Numerical methods are necessary to calculate propagating modes in optical waveguides. The finite difference method is widely used because it is applicable to waveguides with arbitrary refractive index profiles and it is easy to implement. To improve the efficiency and to reduce the size of the resulting large sparse matrix, the finite difference method is often used with a variable grid size st...

The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is becoming increasingly popular for room acoustics simulation. Yet, the literature on grid excitation methods is relatively sparse, and source functions are traditionally implemented in a hard or additive form using arbitrarily-shaped functions which do not necessarily obey the physical laws of sound generation. In this paper we formulate a sourc...

Many applications based on finite element and finite difference methods include the solution of large sparse linear systems using preconditioned iterative methods. Matrix vector multiplication is one of the key operations that has a significant impact on the performance of any iterative solver. In this paper, recent developments in sparse storage formats on vector machines are reviewed. Then, s...

The goal of our study is twofold. First, the results of two approaches in a tone annotation task are presented: a manual approach provided by the system MISTRAL+ and an automatic approach provided by the system PROSOTRAN. Second, an attempt is made here to determine the number and the patterns of the Mo Piu language tones with respect to the pitch slope and the tone level. It is found that both...

In this paper, we give sixth order compact finite difference formula for second order integro-differential equations (IDE) with different boundary conditions, and both of error estimates and numerical experiments confirm our compact finite difference method can get fifth order of accuracy. We also adjust compact finite difference method for first order IDE and a system of IDE and give numerical...