BACKGROUND The Towers of London (TOL) and Hanoi (TOH) have been viewed as equivalent measures of planning and/or problem solving, although recent evidence in adults suggests that the underlying measurement characteristics of these two tasks may differ. As tower tasks are one of the few instruments that can be used to assess executive functioning in young children, the cognitive demands for both...

Two polymorphic forms of a ladder coordination polymer [Zn2(μ-O2C-p-Tol)2(O2C-p-Tol)2(bpe)2] have parallel and criss-cross alignments of the C=C bond pairs. Both polymorphs undergo 100% [2+2] cycloaddition reaction but the one with a parallel orientation of C=C bonds (thermodynamic product) retains its single crystallinity after the reaction.

In August 2011, a week-long NSF-sponsored workshop focusing on the Tree of Life (ToL) took place in Lake Placid, New York. This workshop, called AVAToL (Assembling Visualizing, and Analyzing the Tree of Life), was the first application of NSF’s Ideas Lab concept to systematics. In this article we outline the history and motivation for the Ideas Lab approach and its application to the ToL, expla...

In this paper, we introduce the notions of context-sensitive and TOL collage grammars as generalizations of context-free collage grammars. Both kinds of picture generating devices are more powerful than the context-free case. Nevertheless, the sizes of collages in a TOL collage language can be shown to grow at most exponentially. In contrast to this, there are no such bounds for context-sensiti...

The platinum butadiynyl complex trans-(C(6)F(5))(p-tol(3)P)(2)Pt(C≡C)(2)H and a CuI adduct of a 1,10-phenanthroline based 33-membered macrocycle react in the presence of K(2)CO(3) and I(2) or O(2) to give a rotaxane (ca. 9%) in which the macrocycle is threaded by the sp carbon chain of trans,trans-(C(6)F(5))(p-tol(3)P)(2)Pt(C≡C)(4)Pt(Pp-tol(3))(2)(C(6)F(5)). The crystal structure and macrocycle...

in order to evaluate drought tolerance of cultivars and advanced grain sorghum lines, an experiment was conducted as split-plot on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at experimental field of seed and plant improvement institute, karaj in 2009. three levels of irrigation regimes including normal irrigation (ir0=60 mm), moderate stress (ir2=120 mm) and sever stress (ir3=180...

This article aims to shed light on difficulties in rooting the tree of life (ToL) and to explore the (sociological) reasons underlying the limited interest in accurately addressing this fundamental issue. First, we briefly review the difficulties plaguing phylogenetic inference and the ways to improve the modelling of the substitution process, which is highly heterogeneous, both across sites an...

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of treatment with a single dose toltrazuril 5% (Baycox), thymol (Versatile, Nine Life, United Arab Emirates), + combination control Eimeria spp. infection in lambs intensive feeding. The was designed five groups these aligned as; group 1 (negative group; NEG), 2 (positive POZ), 3 (thymol; THY), 4 (toltrazuril; TOL) 5 [(thymol toltrazuril; (T...

Based on a preactivation strategy using the (p-Tol)2SO/Tf2O system, a series of nucleosides were synthesized by coupling various thioglycosides with pyrimidines and purines under mild conditions. High yields and excellent β-stereoselectivities were obtained with either armed or disarmed N-glycosylation donors by tuning the amount of (p-Tol)2SO additive.